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y Sociology : crime and deviance > crime control and victims > Flashcards

crime control and victims Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Crime prevention strategies (REALISM SECTION OF FLASHCARDS )

A 
- Right realists 
Reducing the likelihood of being a target 
Tackling perpetrators harshly
- Left realists
Crime prevention 
Community policing
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2
Q

Surveillance theories (5)

A
  • Surveillance theories
  • Synoptic surveillance
  • Surveillant assemblages
  • Surveillance, actuarial justice and risk management
  • Surveillance and labelling
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3
Q

Evaluation of surveillance (Faucolt)

A
  • Exaggerates extent to which society has moved away from punishment
  • Exaggerates the effectiveness of surveillance as a crime prevention strategy
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4
Q

Surveillance theory

A
  • Faucault :
  • Pre industrial era was sovereign rules with severe and public punishments
  • Industrial era was disciplinary rule (centralised justice system which uses prison and surveillance as a means of control)
  • Panopticon prison (designed so all prisoners cells are visible at all times by the guard tower)
  • It is less likely prisoners engage in illegal activities as they know they are under constant surveillance
  • This helps prisoners reform behaviours so they can be rehabilitated which then reduces reoffender rates
  • Surveillance in wider society is where surveillance occurs in all institutions eg schools, hospitals, work etc
  • People self regulate behaviour as they feel they are being watched
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5
Q

Synoptic surveillance

A
  • Mathiesen
  • Synopticon is where everyone watches each other and police each others behaviours
  • This is enabled via technology like personal CCTV, smartphones, social media and dashcams
  • The media is used to police those in positions of power eg it leaks the deviant behaviours so powerful people need to regulate their own behaviours
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6
Q

Evaluation of synoptic surveillance

A
  • doesn’t adequately police those in positions of power

- The majority of surveillance is used against the powerless

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7
Q

Surveillant assemblages

A
  • Surveillance technologies are being combined eg CCTV and facial recognition, mobile data and GPS signal
  • Makes it easier for offenders to be caught and punished
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8
Q

Evaluation of surveillant assemblages

A
  • May allow people to abuse their power and most people are monitored for no good reason
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9
Q

Actuarial justice

A
  • Feeley and Simon
  • Some groups are watched more eg young, black and male are more likely to be stopped and searched
  • surveillance is about preventing crime in high risk groups eg to reduce drug and knife crime
  • surveillance calculates the actuarial risks eg it predicts the people who will commit certain crimes
  • Some groups are placed under categorical suspicion and presumed to be a potential offender due to their social characteristics
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10
Q

Evaluation of Actuarial justice

A
  • it enables the police to justify discrimination

- leads to some groups being caught more than others for their crimes

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11
Q

Labelling

A
  • Ditton et al
  • Surveillance technology is an extension of human labelling
  • Operators use typifications (they hold a view of what a typical offender looks like and focuses more on these people)
  • Surveillance effects the official crime statistics and the dark figure of crime (majority are undetected and unreported)
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12
Q

Evaluation of labelling

A
  • labelling can lead to SFPs

- Labelling via surveillance could cause deviance amplification

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13
Q

Punishment theories

A
  • purpose of punishment
  • functionalist view
  • marxist view
  • is prison effective
  • alternatives to prison
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14
Q

Purpose of punishment

A
  1. Deterrence - Discourages an action or event through instilling the fear of consequences
  2. Rehabilitation - Restoring someone to normal life through training and therapy so they don’t reoffend
  3. Incapacitation - Making an individual incapable of committing crime eg so they cannot live as normal
  4. Retribution - Punishment as vengeance
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15
Q

Functionalist view of punishment

A
  • Durkheim
  • Pre industrial era (retributive justice) : Punishment was about revenge and deterring others eg public executions, stocks, corporal punishment etc
  • Modern society (restitutive justice) : Prison became the main source of punishment and the aim was to rehabilitate offenders and reintegrate them back in to society
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16
Q

Evaluation of the functionalist view of punishment

A
  • restitutive justice isn’t a new concept

- punishment doesn’t benefit all equally

17
Q

Marxist view of punishment

A
  • see punishment systems as repressive state apparatus (controls people through force eg police force, judiciary, etc)
  • Punishments are two-tiered
    1. MC offenders can pay fines or compensation
    2. WC cannot afford this so go to jail instead
  • Prison mimics life in the workplace (work within prison, set timings, poor conditions and following orders)
18
Q

Evaluation of marxist views of punishment

A
  • WC crimes are often more serious and require severe punishment
  • Punishment is meant to be a negative experience for offenders
19
Q

Is prison effective ?

A
  • Prison populations are growing (in the last 30 years it has doubled)
  • The majority of prisoners reoffend (2/3)
  • In the USA some are subject to mass incarceration (37% of prisoners are black and 40% are unemployed)
  • Vulnerable people are subject to transcarceration (spend time in multiple institutions eg young people in care)
20
Q

Alternatives to prison

A
  • community service (unpaid work for the betterment’s of their community)
  • Restorative justice (Criminal justice system that focuses on the rehabilitation of offenders through reconciliations with victims)
  • Localised justice (groups like Predator catchers UK seek out pedophiles and some muslim communities host Sharia courts)
  • individualised justice (caters to the needs of individual communities rather than society as a whole)
21
Q

Victims of crime (theories)

A
  • Patterns in victimisation
  • Effects of victimisation
  • Positivist victimology
  • critical victimology
22
Q

Patterns in victimisation

A
  • certain people are more likely to be victims of crime : mixed race, under 55 and no correlation with gender or class
  • Christie : Media presents and idea of what an ideal victim looks like eg vulnerable victims like children and the elderly (gives the impression most crime is against the vulnerable by strangers) which is inaccurate
  • Repeat victimisation is a problem eg 40% are victims of crime annually but 4% of the population are victims of 44% of crimes
23
Q

Effects of victimisation

A
  1. Physical = victims of violence / SA are left with physical injuries
  2. Psychologically = experience of being a victim can be damaging to wellbeing
  3. Fear = when a person isn’t a victim themselves but shares characteristics with someone who is so it leaves them fearful
  4. Indirect victimisation = others associated with the victim are also effected eg if someone is murdered it effects the family etc
  5. Secondary victimisation = the victim is forced to relive the experience when interviewed by the police / court so they feel doubly victimised
24
Q

Positivist victimology

A
  • Von Hentig (victim proneness)
  • Certain types of people are more likely to be a victim of crime as they posses certain characteristics which make them more vulnerable eg age or gender
  • Claims that victims are mentally subnormal and lack intelligence
  • Compared victims of crime to predators and pray eg most vulnerable people are targeted
  • Wolf gang (victim precipitation)
  • Studied 588 homicide cases in philadelphia and found 25% of the victims had done something to provoke their perpetrators
  • The victim isn’t always innocent and may out themselves in that position
25
Q

Evaluation of positivist victimology

A
  • ignores crimes which don’t involve direct interaction between perpetrators and victims
  • Accused of victim blaming eg in the cases of abuse and SA
26
Q

Critical victimology

A
  • Marxists and feminists
  • Structural factors make some people more vulnerable
  • Patriarchy leads to women being vulnerable to DV and SA
  • Marxists claim capitalism causes poorer people to be vulnerable to exploitation eg at the work place
  • Walklate : Some victims suffer structural powerlessness (vulnerable victims struggle to have their cases heard by the criminal justice system eg SA have poor conviction rates) due to patriarchy in the justice system
  • Tombs and Whyte : there is a hierarchy of victimisation (vulnerable people are more likely to be victims but less likely to be acknowledged by the CJS) eg crimes like health and safety breaches are often delabelled)
27
Q

Evaluation of critical victimology

A
  • ignores that some victims can contribute to becoming a victim
  • Ignores that people need to take steps to prevent themselves from becoming a victim

y Sociology : crime and deviance (9 decks)

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