Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

y Sociology : crime and deviance > Crime and globalisation > Flashcards

Crime and globalisation Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the social factors that have created interconnectedness ?

A
  • Transport links
  • Technology
  • Freedom of moment eg EU
  • Social media
  • Trade links
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are examples of crimes that occur across national borders ?

A
  • Trafficking (people/drugs)
  • War crimes
  • Tax evasion and tax havens
  • Global terrorism
  • Sex trafficking and tourism
  • illegal waste disposal and fly tipping
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the 6 ways sociologists claim that globalisation effects the nature of crime ?

A
  1. Globalisation has caused organised crime to increase
  2. Globalisation has created more opportunities for white collar and corporate crime
  3. Widened wealth inequalities and turned people to crime
  4. increased supply and demand for illegal produce
  5. Spread materialist values
  6. Heightened risk-consciousness in the West
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q
  1. Globalisation and organised crime
A
  • Organised crime networks use global business methods to operate internationally eg Mafia (Italy), Triads (china) + Yakuza (Japan)
  • Use transport links, communication tech. etc to operate on a global scale
  • Globalisation has created new organised crime networks eg Russian “mcMafia” (ex KGB who took roles in organised crime following the collapse of communism)
  • Hobbs and Dunningham : organised crime operates in a ‘global way’ where it works on a global and local level
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Evaluation of Globalisation and organised crime

A
  • Organised crime isn’t new and hasn’t emerged since globalisation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Globalisation enable white collar and corporation crimes

A
  • Lash and Urry : Global capitalism is disorganised
  • Harder to regulate businesses which operate internationally eg different tax laws and different employment rights
  • Businesses exploit workers in developing countries eg poor conditions, long hours, health and safety breeches etc
  • Money laundering is also easier in a global economy (illegal earned money put through a legitimate business)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Evaluation of globalisation enables white collar and corporation crime

A
  • Exploitation isn’t new it existed in the industrial era
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Globalisation of business has widened wealth inequality in the West

A
  • Industrial jobs relocated abroad which left WC communities in the West lacking legitimate opportunities
  • Men innovated by using crime as an alternative means to achieve wealth status eg large scale robberies, fraud and other utilitarian crimes
  • LA : 1980’s correlation in the growth of organised crime (10,000 men involved)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Globalisation has increased demand and supply for illegal products

A
  • People in affluent West demand illicit products and activities eg underage sex, drug taking, weapons etc
  • People in deprived countries provide the supply as they need the money
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Poorer societies are effected by the spread of Western materialist values

A
  • Communication technology and social media exposes people to the ‘good’ life enjoyed in Western societies
  • Eg more wealth, money, access to jobs, designer brands etc
  • People in developing places use crime (innovation) to achieve materialist goods eg making drugs + online scams
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Heightened risk consciousness

A
  • Beck
  • People in the West are fearful of ‘foreign’ offences
  • Migrants are scape goated for crime in the UK for example Terrorism, drug dealing and grooming gangs
  • This leads to closer surveillance of minorities by security services and potential for hate crime against minorities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is state crime ?

A

Crime perpetrated by the government or those who work on their behalf eg police and military

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 4 categories of state crime ?

A
  1. Political crimes eg corruption or media censorship
  2. violent offences by security services eg genocide or torture
  3. Economic crimes eg health and safety
  4. Social and cultural crimes eg institutional racism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why does state crime occur ? (4)

A
  1. Integrated theory
  2. state crime is a crime of obedience
  3. The authoritarian personality
  4. features of modernity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Integrated theory

A
  • Green and Ward
  • State crime is similar to ‘normal’ crime in that there must be :
  • MOTIVE : those who perpetrate the crime must have a reason or incentive for doing so
    Eg the motivation for the Holocaust was racial purity
  • OPPORTUNITY : perpetrators must be given access to victims and resources to aid their crime
    Eg Jews, travellers and homosexuals with resources such as gas chambers and concentration camps
  • LACK OF LEGAL PROTECTIONS : no authority figures are telling the perpetrators that their actions are wrong
    Eg Orders cam from the top (Hitler)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Evaluation of the integrated theory

A
  • Fails to explain if the motivation comes from the state or from individual perpetrators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

State crime is a crime of obedience

A
  • Kelman and Hamilton
  • Offenders are given authorisation to commit atrocities from those in higher status roles
  • Routinisation occurs after multiple offences are committed, if the crime is routine then it is easier to commit
  • Dehumanisation occurs when the target isn’t seen as equal to the offenders which makes it easier to harm them
  • Eg Hitler gave orders for the Holocaust and it was ‘kill or be killed’ and during the Holocaust victims were given numbers, lost societal rights and were subject to propaganda
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Evaluation of State crime is a crime of obedience

A
  • takes responsibility away from perpetrators giving them a victim status too
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Authoritarian personality theory ?

A
  • Adorno
  • Some people who follow orders and engage in abusive behaviours without question
  • Eg the holocaust is linked to German culture eg very disciplined and authoritarian
  • They have been socialised in to disciplined values
  • They are unwilling to change or question others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Evaluation of the authoritarian personality theory

A
  • Theory implies that people are unable to recognise that their actions are wrong which isn’t true
21
Q

The features of modernity enable state crime

A
  • Bauman
  • Modern economies have a division of Labour (people have different roles and statuses)
  • In the Holocaust each soldier had one small role to play (so were more willing to engage in crime as the felt less responsibility)
  • Modern businesses follow a bureaucratic hierarchy (eg in the Holocaust orders were from above)
  • Modern economies promote instrumental rationality (working towards a goal) eg Holocaust was aiming to achieve “racial purity”
  • Modern economies also benefit from modern technology eg transport links and chemical weapons have enabled the genocide
22
Q

Evaluation of The authoritarian personality theory

A
  • Assumes all state crime are highly organised and ignores offences committed by rogues offenders
23
Q

What are the definitions of state crime ? (5)

A
  • Breaches of domestic law
  • Using Zemiology
  • Using society’s reaction to define
  • International law
  • Human rights law
24
Q

Breaches of domestic law (defining state crime)

A
  • Chambliss
  • Actions which are perpetrated by state officials which break a country’s laws which also disregards the laws others are expected to follow
  • Eg partygate scandal
  • This gives local police services the jurisdiction to charge officials with a crime
25
Q

Evaluation of breaches of domestic law

A
  • Disregards that officials make the law so have the power to redefine it to suit their agenda
26
Q

Using Zemiology (defining state crime)

A
  • Michalowski
  • Actions which are committed within the law of a country but result in harm of others should be treated as a crime too
  • Zemiology is the study of harms and they argue that government action that harms people should be regarded as a state crime
27
Q

Evaluation of Zemiology

A
  • What counts as harmful is open to interpretation and is vague
28
Q

using society’s reaction to define what counts as a crime (defining state crime)

A
  • Action should be regarded as a state crime if the public’s opinion towards the action is negative overall
  • What counts as a state crime is socially constructed (vary in culture/times) eg Blair and the Iraq war
29
Q

Evaluation of using society’s reaction to define what is a crime (state crime)

A
  • Vague and based on public opinion rather than objective measures or right/wrong
30
Q

International law (defining state crime)

A
  • Action = state crime if it breaks domestic laws / international treaties
  • If multiple countries come together in condemnation of the actions of another state
  • Regarded as though they have committed an offence
  • Eg Russian invasion of Ukraine
31
Q

Evaluation of international law

A
  • Use of international law to prosecute state crimes only happens in cases of extreme violence
32
Q

Human rights law (defining state crime)

A
  • Schwendinger + Schwendinger
  • States which engage in sexism/racism/exploitation should be classed as criminal as they deny people the right to live freely and safely
  • Countries in theory should encourage other countries to advance themselves when it comes to moral codes of behaviour by naming and shaming
  • Eg Afghanistan denying girls education
33
Q

Evaluation of human rights law (defining state crime)

A
  • regarded as ethnographic and based on the view that Western values are superior to others
34
Q

Why is state crime hard to measure ? (2 theories)

A
  1. The state uses techniques of neutralisation to redefine their actions (Cohen)
  2. The culture of denial (Alvarez + Cohen)
35
Q

Evaluation why state crime is hard to measure ?

A
  • Fail to help us understand how and why state crimes are committed
36
Q

The state uses techniques of neutralisation to redefine actions

A
  • Cohen
  • This ensures that the public don’t really care
    1. Denial of the Victim (they imply that the named party deserved what happened to them eg use of torture against terrorist)
    1. denial of responsibility (those who commit the atrocity claim they were just following orders eg soldiers and police)
    1. Condemn the condemners (state criticises their critics for being unpatriotic meaning they divide and rule)
      eg Americans who challenged the war on terror were made to feel anti-American
    1. Appeal to the higher loyalty (the state persuades the population that the actions were needed for the greater good eg protect the west from damage)
37
Q

The culture of denial

A
  • Alvarez + Cohen
    1. The ‘event didn’t happen’ stage : accusations are made and the government outright denies it
    1. ‘the evidence is being misunderstood’ : When evidence emerges, they imply people have the wrong idea
    1. ‘The event is justified’ : they come up with a legitimate reason for why they did what they did
  • This is highlighted through the partygate scandal
38
Q

What are the 2 types of green crime ?

A
  1. Primary : any action which DIRECTLY damages the environment in some way eg air pollution, deforestation, animal abuse etc
  2. Secondary : criminal activities which emerge out of human disregard for the environment eg state violence against environmentalists and organised crime/waste disposal
39
Q

What are the 2 ways sociologists define green crime ?

A
  • Traditional criminology (Situ and Emmons)
    Actions which violate the law whilst damaging the environment should be classed as green crimes eg flytipping/VW scandal
    Laws must be broken for an act to be deemed illegal
  • Transgressive
    All actions which result in harm of the environment should be regarded as green crime
    This should be the case even if no laws have technically been broken
  • Where do we draw the line
40
Q

Why does green crime occur ? (4)

A
  1. Global risk society
  2. Global capitalism
  3. De-labelling
  4. Anthropocentricism
41
Q

Global risk society (why does green crime occur)

A
  • beck
  • The organisation of global society brings about man-made hazards
  • Eg aviation, driving, littering, fast fashion, consumerism etc
  • “manufactured risks” are more damaging to the world than natural risks eg Chernobyl
  • Global risk society (environment damage in one country can impact on other countries worldwide)
  • 2010 : Wildfires in Russia damaged grain crops and reduce exports + in Mozambique (imports grain from Russia) the price of bread inflated, causing looting and riots
42
Q

Evaluation of Global risk society (why does green crime occur)

A
  • Ignores that Businesses are becoming productive in managing environmental risks
43
Q

De-labelling (why does green crime occur)

A
  • Sutherland
  • There are few laws in place which challenge green crime
  • People feel no sense of regret as they aren’t publicly shamed or punished (more likely to do it)
  • People aren’t deterred in harming the environment as green crimes are rarely punished eg no fear of punishments
  • For some businesses crime ‘pays’ as it is more cost effective to damage the environment and pay compensation later
  • Eg Bhopal power plant
44
Q

Evaluation of De-labelling (why does green crime occur)

A
  • Ignores behaviours which damage the environment are becoming stigmatised
45
Q

Global capitalism (why does green crime occur)

A
  • White : Global capitalism is responsible for most environmental harm and green crime is a crime of the powerful
  • (product of crimogenic capitalism and an example of corporate crime)
  • Businesses base their production in developing countries to maximise profit by cutting corners with their green safety for example laws are less restrictive
  • Snider : states and businesses work together to protect the interests of capitalism
  • The state turns a blind eye to green crime committed by businesses eg fear they may relocate
46
Q

Evaluation of global capitalism (why does green crime occur)

A
  • Ignores that businesses are becoming productive in managing environmental risks
47
Q

Anthropocentrism (why does green crime occur)

A
  • White : Green crimes aren’t taken seriously as people hold an anthropocentric view of the world
  • They see humans as being more important than the physical planet and put their needs above the environment (they are more likely to harm the environment)
  • Wolf : Green crime is motivated by the same things as other offences eg relative deprivation + individualism
  • People don’t consider the impact of their actions and desires on the environment
48
Q

Evaluation of Anthropocentrism (why does green crime occur)

A
  • Impossible for people to behave in a way which avoids environmental harm completely

y Sociology : crime and deviance (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions