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HISTORY GCSE PACK > crime and punishment > Flashcards

crime and punishment Flashcards

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1
Q

what types of crimes are there

A

~ crimes against property
~ crimes against a person
~crimes against authority

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2
Q

what was the early medieval society like {punishment wise}

A

the early king would allow blood feuds

~ blood feuds= this meant that the victim can
get justice by punishing the
criminals first

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3
Q

what was Anglo Saxon England made up of

A

was made up largely by farming communities that shared responsibility of law and order

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4
Q

when did the Norman’s invade England

A

~1066
~ william duke of normandy following his victory in the battle of hastings became the new king of england

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5
Q

what changes were made under the Normans

A

following the Norman invasion king William changed the structure/ buildings of the castles

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6
Q

what new law did the Normans introduce
{explain the law}

A

~forest laws

~they claimed that all forest land had now belonged to the king and therefore trees and so forth can no longer be cut down

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7
Q

what type of reaction did the people have about the new law the normans introduced

A

many people ignored this new law due to the fact that they needed many recourses from the forest to survive

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8
Q

what was forbidden under the new law the normans introduced

A

~ cutting down trees

~ owning a dog

~ using bow and arrows

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9
Q

how was the law enforced if there was no police force in early medieval england times

A

the locals learnt to police themselves

~tithings

~hue and cry

~trail by jury

compurgation

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10
Q

what was a tithing and who was involved

A

~every man over the age of 12 was expected
to join

~the tithing was a group of 10 men who were responsible for each other

~if one of the men broke the law then the tithing was responsible for taking him to court

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11
Q

what was the hue and cry and what did it do

A

~ if any crime was committed then the witness
were obligated to do the hue and cry

~ this meant that the entire village would have
to stop what they were doing and chase after
the criminal

~ if someone did not participate then
everybody would have to pay a fine

~ if this failed then the sheriff would have a
posse to continue the search

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12
Q

what was the trial by jury and how was it done

A

~ members of the local community

~ this was men who knew the accuser and the
person who was accused

~ if no evidence was present then the jury
would go off their characters

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13
Q

what was compurgation

A

this is when the jury would swear that the accuser is guilty {an oath}

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14
Q

what was a constable

A

~ these were made of well respected men

~ they were expected to have this role for 1
year and the main job was to keep peace in
their spare time

~ they keep an eye out for crime and raise the
hue and cry

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15
Q

what were punishments like in Medieval England

A

the main principles were deterrence and retribution

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16
Q

what was the main focus of retribution

A

~ the punishments were meant to be severe
enough that they would deter people from
committing the crime

~ the main idea was for people to pay for what
they have done

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17
Q

what often happened to reoffenders

A

~ reoffenders were treated more harshly

~ sometimes they would face getting a limb getting cut off

~ the severity was to deter them from committing any other crimes

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18
Q

what were the purpose of prisons in medieval England

A

~ either you were waiting for execution

~because you owed someone money

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19
Q

what is capital punishment

A

this is known as the death penalty and execution

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20
Q

what is corporal punishment

A

torture

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21
Q

what is wergild alongside the purpose

A

~ this was a fine

~ the amount of money owed is the crime you
committed

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22
Q

what changed did the Normans make when it came to punishments

A

~ the wergild system

~trial by combat

~ murdrum charge

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23
Q

what type of reaction did the people have after the changes the Normans made on punishment

A

the Anglo Saxons hated the changes that the Normans were making onto their country and decided to fight back by killing Norman soldiers

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24
Q

what was the purpose of trial by trial by combat

A

~ Normans were known to be warrior so it was
fit to bring the trial of combat

~ the accused had to fight the accuser to the
death or until one got tired

~ the loser was then hanged because it was
believed that God did not give them the
strength to win because they were guilty

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25
Q

what happened to the wergild system

A

this was later removed and all fines were paid to the king

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26
Q

what was the murdrum fine

A

~ this was a fine introduced to the king due to
hostility from the Anglo Saxons

~ the fine had to be paid by all Anglo Saxons if one of them killed a Norman

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27
Q

what was the role of the church in medieval England

A

~ the Anglo Saxons were believed to be very
religious

~ they would let God decide if someone was
innocent or guilty

~ all trials were held in the church except the
trial of cold water because it was believed
that that it should be done in the presence of
God

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28
Q

when did the church practice end

A

1215 by pope Innocent III

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29
Q

what was the trial of hot iron

A

~ this trial was often done by women

~ the accused would carry a piece of hot
mental

~ then the hand was bandaged

~ if the wound was healing then they were
believed to be innocent

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30
Q

what was the trial by hot water

A

~ the trial was usually done by taken by men

~ the accused had to dunk their hand into hot
water and retrieve an object

~ the hand and arm were then bandaged for
three days

~ if the hand and arms healed then they were
believed to be innocent

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31
Q

what was the trial by blessed bread

A

~ the trial was usually taken by priests

~ a priest that was present would pray that the
accused priest would choke on the bread if
they were found guilty

~ the accused would then eat the bread and if
they choked they were found guilty

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32
Q

what was the trial of cold water

A

~ this trial was taken by men

~ the accused would have a rope tied around
their waist as they got lowered into the water

~ if the accused sank below the surface of
gods pure water then he is believed to be
innocent because the water was accepting
him

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33
Q

what types of trials were done in the church

A

~ trial by hot iron

~ trial by cold water

~ trial by hot water

~ trial by blessed bread

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34
Q

what other methods were used by the medieval church

A

~ sanctuary

~ benefit of the clergy

~ church courts

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35
Q

what is church sanctuary

A

~ this is when the person who committed a
crime can run into the church and be
protected

~ no on would be able to remove you from the
church not even the county sheriff

36
Q

what is the church courts

A

~ the church claimed that they can try any
clergyman accused

~ the trial would be in the presence of a local
bishop

~ the difference between a normal court and a
church court is that the church would never
sentence the guilty to death no matter the
severity of the crime

~ moral offences were also usually dealt by the
court

37
Q

what is the benefit of the clergy

A

~ this was when the accused would choose to
be tried in the church court because they
were more lenient

~ this was only meant for priests however it
shifted to anyone with a connection to the
church

~ the priest would often test those who
claimed the benefit of the clergy would test
them by having them recite a bible verse by
heart

~ this verse is known as the neck verse
because it would either save you from
hanging or would enable you to get hanged

38
Q

what would happen if you took benefit of the church sanctuary

A

~ people had 2 options either face trial or leave
the country

~ people had 40 days to make their decision

~ if they chose to run away then they were forced
to carry a wooden cross barefoot onto the first
ship leaving to go abroad

39
Q

what was it like living in whitechapel

A

it was told to be over crowded populated where many families had no permanent homes and had families paying for 1 room weekly

40
Q

what is the definition of rookeries

A

these were densely populated areas filled with lodging houses

41
Q

what was crime like in white chapel

A

since it was so overly populated and had many alley ways crime rates were at an all time high allowing criminals to evade detection

42
Q

what was slum living

A

this is when there are multiple families living in one building with shared facilities like running water and toilets

43
Q

what was a workhouse

A

a workhouse was for people who were no longer able to work and had no other options

44
Q

what was it like in a workhouses

A

~ they were strict upon what time you got up,
went to sleep, and also ate

~ families were separated at entry meaning
children and mothers were parted and
husbands parted from their wives

45
Q

what was a doss house

A

this was a place you would sleep for 1 night but for a fee

46
Q

how would you sleep in a doss house

A

~ 4D would secure you a coffin bed with a straw
mattress

~ if you were unable to pay 4D but still had something to be able to buy you would sleep on rope tied to something to prevent you from falling

47
Q

what was a casual ward

A

a casual house was peoples last resort if they could not afford a doss house. you would often sleep in a room with 400+ for the night

48
Q

what was it like in a casual ward

A

you were expected to do hard labour like oakum picking which is when you pick apart rope fibres or work in the kitchen/ infirmary

49
Q

what would happen if you arrived in a casual house

A

~ expected to wash and change

fed gruel with stale bread

50
Q

who were the 2 people trying to solve the poverty crisis in white chapel

A

~ George Peabody

~ Charles booth

51
Q

what did George Peabody do

A

he planned the slum clearance in 1876 by building flats known as the Peabody Estate

52
Q

what was the Peabody estate

A

~ 286 new flats had been built

~ these flats were intended to help the people
with no homes with offering affordable rent

~ there was shared bathroom and kitchens

~ they were built from brick so no mould/
damp/ lice lived in the plaster

53
Q

what problems did the Peabody estate face

A

rent was to high so many residents was behind on it and as a result they were thrown onto the streets

54
Q

who and what did charles booth do

A

~ he was a business man and a social reformer

~ he created maps of Whitechapel to research
the poverty situation

~ he used the maps to show the government
how bad poverty was and even influenced
some

55
Q

what challenges did the people of Whitechapel face

A

~ alcohol

~ poverty

~ immigration

56
Q

why was alcohol a problem in Whitechapel

A

many people used it as a coping mechanism and because of this crime rates increased because it was believed it made people venerable to crime making them targets

57
Q
A
58
Q

what jobs were immigrants known to have in Whitechapel

A

~ copious tanneries

~ slaughter houses

~ butchers

~ sweatshops

59
Q

what problems did immigrants have in Whitechapel

A

~ prejudice

~ socialism and anarchism

60
Q

why did women resort to prostitution

A

because of the extreme poverty many women turned to prostitution in order to survive it was believed to be a necessity for women to survive

61
Q

what were the dangers of prostitution

A

it was dangerous because it made them incredibly venerable to crimes

62
Q

why was alcoholism so popular with prostitutes

A

because of their jobs they needed to heavily rely on alcohol as a coping mechanism and used it as an escape from their harsh reality

63
Q

why were Irish immigrants facing racism

A

they faced a large amounts for their catholic beliefs

64
Q

why is gangs such a big problem in Whitechapel

A

many of them often targeted the Jewish immigrants and the police feared these gangs so the jews felt as if they had no one to turn to

65
Q

what was the Irish immigrants religion

A

many were believed to be roman catholic

66
Q

why were there many immigrants migrating to Whitechapel

A

~ there was many places to sleep

~ there were many places offering work

67
Q

when was the police force in Whitechapel set up

A

~ 1929

~ the police are spilt into different divisions

68
Q

how was the Whitechapel police organised

A

~ 500 police covering a place with a population
of 176,000

~ there was a rivalry between division

69
Q

who was in charge of the police in Whitechapel

A

The Metropolitan Police was controlled by the Home Secretary but the day to day running of the force was down to a commissioner

70
Q

who was Edmund Henderson

A

he was the man who was responsible for reducing the standards of the force

71
Q

what did Edmund Henderson

A

~ he reduced the amount of military drills and
allowing offices to grow beards

~ he also increased the literary standards
helping there to be changed in the detective
force

72
Q

how did Edmund Henderson deal with the corruption in the police force

A

in 1878 there was a scandal in the detective force and because of this Henderson formed a new detective group

73
Q

when was the detective group in Whitechapel formed

A

1842

74
Q

what was the second detective group Henderson formed

A

CID= criminal investigation department

75
Q

when did Charles Warren become home sectary of the police force

A

1886

76
Q

who was Charles Warren

A

he was the person who raised the police standard and reversing some of the changes Henderson made

77
Q

what changes did warren make

A

he increased military drill to the extent where they were becoming similar to the army

78
Q

what were the 2 police districts known as

A

~ H division= policed over Whitechapel

~ city of london= covered the financial district
which bordered Whitechapel

79
Q

what was the requirement to work in the police force

A

~ over 21+ and -32 {in age}

~ 5’9 in height without shoes

~ no more than 2 kids

~ they must be physically fit

~ they must have no business

80
Q

what was the uniform requirement for the police force

A

~ the beat constable would wear a deep blue
wool trousers and same colour jacket

~ they would carry an oil lamp, whistle,
handcuffs, truncheon

~ they would wear helmets known as the c
custodians

~ before 1863 they were a top hat

81
Q

what was a beat in Whitechapel

A

officers were expected to patrol an area for a certain amount of time as a main tactic to tackle time

82
Q

what methods were used to catch jack the ripper

A

~ sketches

~ witness statements

~ autopsies

crime scene photography

83
Q

how did the police try to understand the psychology of Jack the Ripper

A

the police surgeons constructed a profile

84
Q

what problems did the police face when trying to catch Jack the Ripper

A

~ the alleyways in whitechapel

~ the population

~ the media

~ the vigilance committee

85
Q

what was the Whitechapel vigilante committee

A

a commitee filled with private investigators to find jack the ripper because people believed the police were not trying hard enough

86
Q

why was the whitechapels vigilante commitee causing more harm then good

A

people were no longer going to the police meaning the police were not getting enough info while the vigilante commitee was getting fed false info

87
Q

why did many people believe that the police in Whitechapel incompetent

A

~ Cartoons depicted the police as incompetent
and inept.

~ The press also published letters claiming to
be from Jack the Ripper.

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