Crime and deviance theorists Flashcards
Farr (2005) suggests two main forms of global criminal networks, what are they?
Established Mafias
New organized crime groups
Explain what is meant by established Mafias - Farr 2005
Established Mafias, like the Italian- American Mafia, the Japanese Yakuza and the Chinese Triads, which are very long established groups, often organised around family and ethnic characteristics. These have adapted their activities and organization to take advantage if the various new opportunities opened by by globalization
Explain what is meant by new organized crime groups - Farr 2005
New organized crime groups, which have emerged since the advent of globalisation and the collapse of the communist regimes of Russia and Eastern Europe in the 1980s and 1990s. These newer groups include Russian, Eastern Europe and Albanian criminal groups, and the colombian drug cartels, which connect with both one another and the established mafias to form part of the network of transnational organised crime
Hobbs (1998) coined which term and what does it mean?
Global and local crime networks are now interconnected. - they are connected mainly through technology and the access to crime - Transnational crime is now global and Local
What did Hobbs and Dunningham (1998) suggest? Include an example
Hint: Global to local
They suggest that global criminal networks work within global contexts as independent local units.
For example the international drugs trade and human trafficking require local networks of drug dealers, pimps and sex clubs to organize supply at a local level and existing local criminals need to connect to the global networks to continue their activities such as accessing drugs, counterfeit goods and illegal immigrants for cheap labour or prostitution.
What concept did Beck develope, and what does it mean?
Define, example, explain
risk conciousness
Define: Beck argues that globalisation has created a sense of instability in people’s lives and they have therefore become more anxious about crime happening to them.
Example: Brexit is one example of this - security issues of countries and coordinating with other countries about terrorism and brexit is rejecting globalism a consequence of a fear over immigration / The Sun and the Daily Mail ‘bulgarian crime groups taking over’
Explanation: Some of this could be a moral panic (society panics about something on a large scale) ‘eastern europeans damaging our society’ / organised crime has massively increased in the UK mainly due to policy cuts
What did Bauman (2000) suggest about growing individualism?
Key ideas: Argues that in late modernity there is growing individualization
Any improvement to the living conditions and the happiness of individuals now depends on their own efforts, and they can no longer count on the safety nets provided by the welfare state to protect them from unemployment or poverty
What did Taylor suggest about growing individualism? (similar to Bauman)
Taylor suggests individuals are alone to weigh the costs and benefits of their decisions and to choose the course that brings them the best changes of gaining the highest rewards. - these rewards are increasingly seen as the ideology of consumerism promoted by a western based global media
What is Detica (2001) say about cyber crime?
Detica estimates financial crimes such as identity theft, online scams, fraud relating to tax, pensions and benefits, local and central government and the NHS, and intellectual property theft(stealing copyright, ideas, designs and trade secrets) cast the UK £27 billion each year
Which perspective and theorist can you link to this?
MARXISM
The rich west are the consumers of the human traffickers, they use them for domestic labour, slavery, prostitution etc. - Capitalism is driven by western consumerism and is damaging the western world.
Key idea - Growing inequality
Taylor (1997) suggests that the winners from globalization are the rich financial investors and transnational corporations based in the developed western countries and the losers are the workers in both the developed and developing countries are exposed to ever more risks and insecurity in their lives, and experience growing relative deprivation. This feeds crime
Green criminologist, Nigel South (2008) talks about what types of green crime?
Primary
Crimes that are committed directly against the environment or acts that cause harm to the environment, e.g:
Pollution
Animal cruelty
Deforestation
Secondary
Further crime that grows out of flouting rules relating to the environment, e.g:
Violence against environmental groups (e.g. the French attack on the Greenpeace ship, the Rainbow Warrior)
Bribery / organised crime to avoid environmental regulations
What are the three transgressive approach to green crime theorists?
Hint - Crime as enviromental harm
Lynch and Stretsky (2003)
White (2008)
What did Lynch and Stretsky say about the transgressive approach to green crime?
Lynch and Stretesky (2003) suggest environmental or green criminology should adopt a more transgressive or wider approach which goes beyond defining environmental crime simply as law-breaking.
What did White say about the transgressive approach to green crime?
White (2008) adopts such an approach, and considers environmental crime to be any human action that causes environmental harm, whether or not it is illegal. He regards as crimes all actions that harm the physical environment, including all people, animals and plants that live within it.
Sometimes referred to as an environmental justice approach
What is meant by smog is democratic? Use theorist
Beck 1986
Which suggests that traditional social division - class, ethnicity and gender - may be relatively unimportant when considering the impact of many environmental problems.
The argument is that we are all potential victims from harm to the natural environment - we depend on it for the food we eat and the air we breathe. In a shared environment, all of us are equally vulnerable - rich and poor, old and young, black and white.
It’s not just the poor that suffer its the rich too - eg in france there is the heat wave
