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RMPS > Crime > Flashcards

Crime Flashcards

1
Q

What is a collectivist view of crime?

A

Collectivists believe that if someone commits a crime it is because of wider issues such as upbringing and environment.

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2
Q

What is an individualist view of crime?

A

Individualists believe that if a person has chosen to commit a crime it is their own fault and it is their responsibility to pay the consequences

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3
Q

What is a collectivist solution to crime?

A

Collectivists believe we must tackle the root causes of crime such as social conditions: better housing, education and employment opportunities

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4
Q

What is an individualist solution to crime?

A

Individualists believe that society needs clear rules and stricter punishments to stop crime

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5
Q

Who was Tony Blair and what was hid response to crime that was either collectivist or individualist?

A

Former prime minister - “tough on crime and tough on causes of crime”

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6
Q

What are the main 6 environmental causes of crime?

A
  • Peer pressure
  • Poverty
  • Alcohol and Drugs
  • Gang culture
  • Social Exclusion
  • Boredom
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7
Q

Why is peer pressure a cause of crime?

A

The need to follow what everyone else is doing can be a very powerful thing
Young people can face treats, ridicule and exclusion if they don’t ‘fit in’

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8
Q

Why is poverty a cause of crime?

A

Desperation, lack of education, need to survive and the ‘nothing to lose’ mindset means many people in poverty turn to crime

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9
Q

What evidence is there for poverty linking to crime?

A
  • Glasgow has the highest rates of poverty in Scotland and 50% of knives are seized in Glasgow and 25% of all assaults occur in Glasgow
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10
Q

Why are alcohol and drugs a cause of crime?

A

Alcohol and drug can lower inhibitions and encourage people to make decisions they wouldn’t make sober. Addictions can also become expensive and many addicts are forced to turn to crime

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11
Q

What evidence is there for alcohol and drugs causing crime?

A

75% of all crimes have alcohol or drugs as their root cause

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12
Q

Why does gang culture cause crime?

A

Young people often join gangs as a for of comradery and as a means to protect themselves. Being part of a gang can make people turn to criminal behaviour and get in fights with rival gangs.

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13
Q

What evidence is there for gangs being a problem in the Uk

A

There is an estimated 170 criminal gangs in Glasgow alone

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14
Q

Why does social exclusion cause crime?

A

Social exclusion can happen if someone can’t participate fully in society possibly from lack of money, ill health or discrimination. This can lead people to crime as a way of them being part of society or fighting back.

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15
Q

What link is there between having a parent in prison and committing crime?

A

A child who has a parent in prison is 3X more likely to commit a crime than a child who doesn’t.

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16
Q

How can boredom cause crime?

A

People who find themselves in communities with very little to do can turn to crime to occupy themselves

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17
Q

What evidence is there for boredom causing crime?

A

70% of young people found to commit crimes said ‘they had nothing better to do’

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18
Q

What is the difference between nurture and nature?

A

Nurture is someone’s upbringing and environment

Nature is someone’s genetics from birth

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19
Q

What have twin studies shown us about whether nurture or nature causes crime?

A

They have shown that it didn’t matter is the twin was brought up in a loving home or an abusive home - if they had impulsive and violent genetics they were just as likely to commit crime as each other showing it is NATURE not nurture

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20
Q

What crime did Josef Fritzl commit?

A

Kept his daughter in his basement and impregnated her against her will 7 times (kidnap, rape, incest)

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21
Q

What was Josef Fritzl’s phycological diagnosis and how did it effect his behaviour?

A

He had diagnosed personality and sexual disorders. His mother was also dominant and abusive while he was growing up. This made his want to exert his dominance over his children.

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22
Q

What crime did Charles Whitman commit?

A

Shooting of mother, wife and 17 students at Texas University (Mass murder)

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23
Q

What led Charles Whitman to commit his crimes?

A

He had a brain tumour pushing down on his Amygdala (part of the brain that controls emotions) which made him have violent and murderous thoughts even though he didn’t want to kill

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24
Q

What was Myra Hindley’s crime?

A

Multiple murders of young children with partner Ian Brady (rape and murder)

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25
Q

What caused Myra Hindley to commit her crimes?

A

She was taught to be violent from a young age by her abusive father and her parter encouraged her

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26
Q

What crime did Davis Bradley Waldroup commit?

A

Tried to kill his wife and did kill her friend (attempted murder, murder and sexual assault)

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27
Q

What caused Davis Bradley Waldroup to commit his crimes?

A

He was abused as a child but also carried the MAOA or Warrior gene which makes people inherently violent

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28
Q

Should people with the MAOA gene be given lesser sentences?

A

YES - because they are genetically violent from birth and that is not their fault

NO - because many people with the MAOA gene don’t commit crime so even if you have it, it is your conscious choice to be violent

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29
Q

What was Raine’s Investigation and what did it show?

A

Raine’s Investigation investigated the brains of 41 death row prisoners in California. It showed that they had lower activity in the pre frontal lobe responsible for rational thinking which could have genetically led them to be murderers

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30
Q

What are the 5 main phycological causes of crime?

A
  • Genetic issues
  • Problems in the Amygdala
  • Lower activity in the pre-frontal cortex
  • Addictive personalities
  • The MAOA gene
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31
Q

What is a christian response to the causes of crime?

A
  • Adam and eve brought sin into the world (so we are not all fully responsible)
  • Crime is reduced when communities convert to Christianity
  • Crime is caused by ones own greed and selfishness
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32
Q

Who are ‘The City Angels’ and how to they help combat crime?

A

They are a christian group that patrol Chichester at night to avoid crime.

Violent crime has been down by 67% since they began

33
Q

What is a Marxist’s response to the causes of crime?

A
  • They believe that the ruling classes are to blame for the oppression that leads to crime in the first place.
  • They take the focus off of the criminal and place it instead on a defective social order.
34
Q

What is a bhuddist response to causes crime?

A
  • The world’s want to material possessions lead people to commit crimes out of greed and selfishness called Kamma
  • Everyone is on control of themselves so it s their choice to commit crime
35
Q

What is a humanist response to causes of crime?

A

-Society is to blame for crime, people only commit crimes because of underlying issues that are not their fault

36
Q

What are some moral issues that arise from the causes of crime?

A
  • Should be punish differently if something out of a person’s control has led them to commit a crime?(eg the MAOA gene)
  • If sin was brought into the world by Adam and Eve are we responsible fro sinning?
  • If someone has committed a crime due to poverty should society punish for the crime or try to tackle the cause
  • Many people who commit crime because of boredom, peer pressure and gangs are very young, what age should people begin to be punished?
37
Q

What evidence is there in the Bible for sin being brought into the world by Adam and Eve?

A

Genesis:

“now the earth was corrupt in the sight of God and the earth was filled with violence”

“The fall of man brought about corruption in the heart of man”

38
Q

What is retribution?

A

The idea that punishments should make criminals pay for what they have done ‘wrong’

39
Q

What are some examples of retribution?

A

CPO - Community Payback Orders
Eye for eye in Syria (literally)
Sudan, amputation of hands for stealing

40
Q

PROS of retribution?

A
  • Restores balance, if you take something away from the community you must give it back
  • You have to face the consequences for what you have done
  • Criminals deserve to be punished
  • Restores justice
  • The victim feels better
41
Q

CONS of retribution?

A
  • Does the victim really feel better (forgiveness could do that?)
  • Its less retribution and more revenge
  • It doesn’t do anything to stop crime
  • It only focuses on the past and doesn’t look to improving anything in the future
42
Q

What evidence do we have that Christians would support retribution?

A

“an eye for an eye” in the Bible is a demonstration of retribution

43
Q

What evidence do we have that Christians would oppose retribution?

A
  • “turn the other check” in the Bible shows we should move on and not look for revenge
  • The idea of forgiveness is a core principle of Christianity
44
Q

What moral issue is raised by retribution?

A

Is revenge ever right?

45
Q

Who is an example extreme forgiveness in Christianity?

A

Mary Johnstone - Forgave the man who murdered her son after reading a poem about the mother of Jesus forgiving the mother of Judas. She now treats her son’s killer as a friend even calling him her son and stating that she loves him. She states Christianity and forgiveness has helped her move on and find happiness

46
Q

What is reformation?

A

The idea that punishments given to the criminal should give them the opportunity to change for the better and become more useful members of society

47
Q

What is an example of reformation?

A
  • Alcohol and drug programmes
  • Education based workshops in prisons
  • Learning skills and finding employment in prisons
48
Q

What scheme has been successful in reforming inmates?

A

The Timpson’s scheme:
They run a training programme for inmates as well as opening branches in prisons. They believe that is criminals leave prison with skills or a an actual job they will be less likely to turn to crime and reoffend.

49
Q

Who is the founder of Timpson’s and what does he believe in?

A

John Timpson - Second Chances

50
Q

PROS of Reformation

A
  • Gives the offender a second chance
  • Allows the offender to reintegrate into society
  • Stops the criminal from offending
51
Q

CONS of Reformation

A
  • No punishment for the wrong doing
  • Removes a sense of justice for the victim
  • Can people actually be reformed?
52
Q

What is an example of someone who has been seen to reform and why was he a criminal?

A

Stan Tookie Williams:

  • Founder of the LA gang - The Crips
  • Murdered 4 people
  • Was on death row for 24 years
53
Q

How did Stan Tookie Williams reform?

A
  • He wrote 9 books about the dangers of gang culture
  • He used all his phone time to keep children out of gangs
  • He spoke to school in areas with gangs about what goes on in the gangs
54
Q

What are some moral issues arising from Stan Tookie William’s case?

A

How do you measure reformation, do we really know he has reformed or is it an act?
Should we lower sentences for people who are seen to have ‘reformed’?
If we began to do this wouldn’t everyone just pretend they had?

55
Q

What is an example of someone who was seen to have reformed but didn’t?

A

Danno Sonnex was a crack addict who was jailed. He attended intensive therapy and once clean was believed to have reformed.
He was released from prison and very soon after killed two French students.

56
Q

What is protection?

A

The idea that punishment should protect society from the offender and should protect the public from further offences boing committed

57
Q

PROS of protection

A
  • The criminal is no longer a danger to society
  • Justice and safety is given to the victim
  • The offender is paying for their crime by not participating in society
58
Q

CONS of protection

A
  • Removing the offender does not remove the problem
  • They cannot be kept away forever and may become a danger again on release
  • If we truly wanted to protect people capital punishment would be the best option
59
Q

What is deterrence?

A

The idea that punishment should put people off committing crime

60
Q

PROS of deterrence

A
  • Tries to ensure that offenders are never tempted to commit crime again
  • Puts others off committing crime when they see how others are punished
  • Makes people think about the consequences before committing crime
61
Q

CONS of deterrence

A
  • Committing crime is not always a rational act, knowing you could have a harsh punishment is not something people think about before committing crimes
  • Prison is not a deterrence - 59% of people reoffend after 12 months
  • If we wanted to deter people we would have extremely harsh punishments that would outweigh the severity of the crime
  • It is not acceptable for someone to pay for the future crimes of others
62
Q

What do utilitarians believe about punishment?

A
  • Punishment is good when benefits comes out of it for the offender and society (CPO)
  • Agree with reformation as it helps the offender as well as helping society
  • Do not agree with prison for non violent crimes
  • Punishment is good as if we abandoned punishment altogether society would be more unhappy
  • Don’t agree with capital punishment as it doesn’t provide happiness for anyone
63
Q

What are some problems with custodial sentences?

A
  • Prisons are overcrowded and underfunded
  • Costs the government £40,000 or a year in prison
  • Most people leave without a job or any skills
  • Can surround non violent criminals with very serious offenders which they wouldn’t come into contact with outside
  • Suicide rates and self harm is considerably high in prison
  • 59% of prisoners reoffend after 12 months
64
Q

What are moral issues raised by custodial sentences?

A
  • £1.3billion is being invested into modernising prisons - is it fair that this much goes into criminals when we have homeless people on the sleep
  • Custodial units for women are unfair for men who are in tough prisons
  • 50% of prison population are in care while only 1% of Scottish population are, you upbringing should not have this much influence on your future
65
Q

What is a Christian Response to custodial sentences?

A

(Luke 4,18) ‘proclaim freedom to the prisoners to set the oppressed free’ - against custodial sentences, we must free them from the oppressed state that made them criminals (drugs, poverty, mental health issues)

66
Q

What is a Utilitarian response to custodial sentences?

A

They believe in reform as reoffending brings unhappiness but the most violent criminals must be in prison to protect the majority of society

67
Q

What is a collectivist response to custodial sentences?

A

Custodial sentences to not address the root cause of crime, people just get caught in the prison system and it makes the cycle worse

68
Q

What are the benefits of non custodial sentences?

A
  • Criminals can maintain a healthy relationship with family
  • Reoffending rate is significantly lowered
  • Keeps the offender integrated in society
  • Reduces the overcrowding in prison
  • Helps criminals give back to society
69
Q

What is an individualist response to non custodial sentences?

A

They are not harsh enough criminals deserve to be locked away. It also doesn’t protect society from the most violent criminals, should be just give murderers fines?

70
Q

Why should Britain look to Norway as a way to model our prisons?

A
  • Their incarceration rate is just 75 per 100,000 people while the USA’s is 707.
  • They have the lowest reoffending rate in the world at 20%
  • They attempt ‘restorative justice’ which repairs the harm caused by crime rather than just punishing people
71
Q

What is different about Norway’s prisons to the UK’s

A
  • There are no bars or fences
  • Kitchens are fully equipped with knives and sharp objects
  • There is a good relationship between guards and inmates
  • The maximum sentence is 21 years
  • They are encouraged to work with their talents with recording studios and art spaces on site
  • Doesn’t punish or torture them or even aim to make them feel bad - they believe taking away freedom is punishment enough
  • They are called pupils not prisoners
72
Q

What are some moral issues arising from capital punishment?

A
  • Do we ever have the right to take a life?
  • Is life in prison worse than the death penalty?
  • It capital punishment the ‘easy way out’?
73
Q

PROS of capital punishment

A
  • If someone takes a life they deserve to have their life taken
  • It acts as a deterrent to other criminals (Japanese argument)
  • Provides justice for the victim
  • They are no longer a threat to society of the government’s problem
74
Q

What is the Japanese argument?

A

The Japanese hardly ever use capital punishment but keep it as an option for deterrent purposes as if its a possibility it could make criminals think twice before committing a crime

75
Q

CONS of capital punishment

A
  • No one has the right to kill not even the state
  • There have been mistakes and innocent people murdered - it is completely and utterly irreversible
  • If capital punishment was just to deter we would use it for all crimes
  • It costs more to keep someone on death row than in prison and can often take up to 30 or 40 years before someone is executed
  • There is no hope of reformation on death row
  • Methods of capital punishment are inhumane and degrading
76
Q

Christian view FOR capital punishment

A
  • Old Testament:
    ‘an eye for an eye’
    ‘whoever sheds a man’s blood by man his blood shall be shed’
    Lex Tallionis
  • Southern Baptist Church
    ‘legitimate form of punishment’
    15 million followers
  • God condones the death penalty
    Sodom and Gemorrah
    God commanded the death penalty for murderers
  • Justice is important in Christianity
    Human government responsible for delivering justice and ordained by God
77
Q

Christian view AGAINST capital punishment

A
  • New Testament:
    ‘love your enemies’ - sermon on the mount
    adulterous women
  • Pope
    ‘inadmissible’
    ‘dignity of the human person and sanctity of life are core values of Christianity regardless of the circumstances’
    Negative statement from the RCC on capital punishment
  • Forgiveness and love in christianity
78
Q

What is the story of the Adulterous women and what does it mean?

A

A women who is convicted of adultery is to be stoned to death. Jesus instead asks that she not be killed but repents instead. It is a view which is held by many christians now that rather than being disregarded, criminals should be reformed.

RMPS (3 decks)

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