Crime Flashcards
What is the definition of societal Deviance ?
Forms of deviance most members of society agree is deviant and share similar ideas of what is approved behaviour
What is the definition of situational deviance ?
Refers to the way in which an act is seen as deviant or not depends on the context or location that it takes place
What are the prevention methods of crime in the uk?
CCTV , police patrols , neighbourhood watch, education, legislation
What is environmental crime prevention ?
Wilson and keeling - use the term broken windows to describe signs of disorder so people remove graffiti and fixing windows
• unclear of effectiveness
What is situational crime prevention ?
Clarke - preventative approach, reducing the opportunities of crime e.g surveillance, target - displacement - moving location
• focus on petty crimes
what is community crime prevention?
it identifies individuals that are most at risk of committing community crime such as troubled families.
perry pre school- helped black students and found they had less arrests for violence.
Hirschi - more attached an individual is to society the less likely they are to commit crimes
what are the different types of punishment?
fines, house arrest, death penalty , suspended penalty, community service and custody
what is the purpose of punishment?
deterrence, rehabilitate, justice to victims
what did Foucault argue about the birth of prisons ?
power and control through surveillance and fear- panoptical- prisoners never know when they aren’t being watched so they behave at all times
what are the evaluations of prisons?
acts as a deterrence
offer rehabilitation
nearly half offenders reoffend on release
prison overcrowding
what is the functionalist view of punishments?
Durkheim- societies can only exist if there is shared norms and values creating a collective conscience. crime allows people to reinforce boundries and maintain social order.
what is the marxist view of punishments ?
law is not an expression of everyone’s value just those who make the laws.
Althusser called the the CJS repressive state apparatus - controlling the working population
what do right realist focus on ?
focus on the solutions rather than the causes but do give 3 causes
what did wilson and herstein find about the biological causes for crime - right realism ?
genetic predisposition to crime - low IQ, low impulsive control, aggression
what did Murray argue about socialisation and the underclass - right realism ?
lack of role models, too many reliant on benefits, immediate gratification, no work ethic and absent father
what did clarke find about rational choice - right realism ?
decision to commit crime is a rational choice about consequence vs reward balance ?
what are the right realist solution to crime?
target hardening - zero tolerance - keeling and wilson
what is the left realist view of the square of crime ?
victims, state agencies, offenders and public response
what do left realists argue are the three causes of crime?
relative deprivation, subculture and marginalisation
what are the left realist solutions to crime?
multi agency working- GMP, council, NHS and probation
consensus - psco, neighbourhood watch, cctv
social deprivation- get britain working again
free breakfast club
what are the evaluations of right realism ?
labelling can result in groups being targeted
ignores white collar and corporate crimes
assumes rational decisions
ignores wider inequalities.
