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Sociology > Crime > Flashcards

Crime Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Durkheim - Function

A

Limited amount of CD is necessary

Deviance is functional because its used as a deterrent

When a evil crime occurs it brings everyone together in disgust

Boundary Maintenance

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2
Q

Merton - Function

A

American society share the goal of being rich and successful

Those who didn’t achieve the American Dream were deviants

People retreated to drugs and alcohol to deal with the strain of failing the American dream

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3
Q

Hirschi - Function

A

Control Theory - weak willed humans need social bonds to deter them from crime.

Informal Social control - caregivers can be effective in stopping crime like the police force

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4
Q

A.Cohen - Subculture

A

Most delinquents are looked down upon by society and denied status.

Deviants are culturally deprived so create a subculture to deal with this.

Subculture allows its members to show frustration by breaking rules and gain prestige by peers.

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5
Q

Cloward and Ohlin - Subculture

A

Different types of deviance - sniff glue, take drugs, steal a car or burgle houses.

Criminal subculture exists in w/c communities as stolen goods can benefit all members due to financial situation

Frustration amongst subcultures creates conflict.

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6
Q

Miller - Subculture

A

Subculture members develop an alternative value consensus

W/C have different values that promotes crime and deviance.

w/c have a higher conviction rate than m/c

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7
Q

Lemert - Labelling

A

Primary deviance - actions that aren’t publically labelled.

Secondary deviance - when someone has been labelled as a rule breaker

Societal reaction creates deviance

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7
Q

Young- Labelling

A

Hippies in Notting Hill smoked weed as their alt lifestyle.

Police had false stereotypical perception of hippies - deviance

Hippies rejected former lifestyle so became a self-fulfilling prophecy

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8
Q

S.Cohen - Moral Panics

A

Mods vs Rockers - 1964

Press created false image of mods and rockers which led to police and public harassing this image despite innocence.

Media created spiral of deviance amplification which caused conflict between mods and rockers.

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9
Q

Fishman - Moral Panics

A

Media reporting of mugging of elderly created impression of a crime wave despite the statistic decreasing.

Media air news of mugging when nothing else is going on.

Theme of street crime ties together a number of stories.

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10
Q

Croall - Marxism

A

Corporate/White-collar crime is more serious than street crime.

Owners of companies commit crime in order to get more money

Convinced public that these crimes were complicated so they weren’t taken up in court

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11
Q

Box - Marxism

A

Difference in perception between street and corporate crime.

When a burglar shoots and kills an innocent it is seen as cowardly but when a businessman doesn’t give someone the correct health and safety, it is seen as negligence.

Robber and businessman both didnt care for safety so should be punished in the same way.

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12
Q

Gordon - Marxism

A

Selective law enforcement benefits capitalism.

If members of w/c are considered criminals, ruling class punish them ti protect the interest of others.

Few prosecutions of corporate crime shows that it is necessary for capitalism.

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13
Q

P.Cohen - Youth Subculture

A

Immediate context - Old communities undermined because cockneys moved towns. This led to redevelopment, decline of the docks and decline of the extended family.

Wider Context - Majority of w/c embraced hegemonic values of ruling class but elsewhere poverty maintained.

This led to youth subculture to deal with loss of community.

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14
Q

Clarke - Youth Subculture

A

Actions of Skinheads are symbolic of the resistance of the breakdown of East London community.

Appearance developed into the traditional w/c man to revitalise the culture.

Actions of skinheads were to perpetuate the class system.

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15
Q

Lea and Young - New Left

A

Relative Deprivation - A group feels they are worse off than others in society so leads to resentment and deviance.

Subculture - RDed people recognise their shared situation so create subculture

Marginalisation - RDed people recognise no one cares about their plight so feel marginalised.

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16
Q

Kinsey et Al - New Left

A

Police need to stop relying on heavy handed methods like stop and search as it creates alienation.

Brixton Riots - law-abiding members of society recognised police as the enemy as they couldnt distinguish deviants from civilians

Led to conflict

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17
Q

Perry Pre-School Project - New Left (Crime Prevention)

A

58 children omitted to Highscope and progress was measured into their adult lives.

27-40 y/o adults who participated did not commit crime.

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18
Q

Wilson - New Right

A

Taxes needed to be lowered - minority of poor people committed crime so wealth was not the issue - personal choice.

Offenders consider if they will get caught.

Adoption of 0 tolerance policing would make criminals think twice before committing crime.

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19
Q

Coleman - New Right

A

Correlation between Family structure and crime.

Absence of strong family relationship meant males were inadequately socialised so dont see delinquency as wrong

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20
Q

Painter - Applied Right

A

Streetlights in Stoke

21
Q

Wilson and Kelling - Applied Right

A

Broken Window theory - neighbourhood’s negligence leads to lower community morale and they accept vandalism.

Police should fix this to prevent crime occuring.

22
Q

Foucault - Surveillance

A

Panopticon design meant criminals in prison never knew when wardens were watching them.

23
Q

Newburn and Haymen - Surveillance

A

Kilburn Experiment - granted access to police station for 18 months

CCTV of police in prison intruded and protected their rights

Police said they liked it because it prevented the stigma of police mistreatment

24
Q

Beer - Surveillance

A

Racial profiling - black man arrested for trying to get into his own house due to his race

Claimed that racial profiling was socialised

CCTV of black people were put under surveillance due to race

25
Q

Durkheim - Punishment

A

When a member of society commits a crime it goes against value consensus.

Punishment signifies good behaviour and deters members from committing crime.

26
Q

Gordon - Punishment

A

Bourgeoisie distorted the perception of law enforcement.

Person is caught and their actions are seen as a failure.

This prevents a proletarian revolution

27
Q

S.Cohen - Punishment

A

ASBO anklets seen as a medal of honour in their subculture so didn’t stop crime.

28
Q

Miers - Victims

A

Statistics outlined the most likely victims of crime

Demonstrated how relationships lead to crimes (dv)

Positivists assume victims bring crime onto themselves

29
Q

Von Hentig - Victims

A

Post-WW2 showed that victims fell into 1 of 13 categories.

Perception of these groups was that they were soft so easy to be a victim

Victims were appeared responsible for the crime they receive

30
Q

Stanko - Victims / Gender

A

Women’s lives controlled by the fear of being a victim

Women check their houses for intruders and dress conservatively to prevent harassment

31
Q

Pollak - Gender

A

Women commit crimes that are hard to be punished for - shoplifting.

Women are good at hiding things due to their menstruation

Women receive more lenience from police due to gender so undeterred from committing crime again.

32
Q

Heidensohn - Gender

A

Women commit less crime due to being supervised by men

Controlled at Home, Public and Work

33
Q

Messerschmidt - Masculinity

A

Men are in a lifelong struggle to prove their masculinity and a way of doing this is crime

Men aspire to have hegemonic masculinity and those who don’t have subordinate masculinity.

Doctor by day and rugger bugger at night

34
Q

Winlow - Masculinity

A

In the north east men used to prove their masculinity by manual labor but now its harder to receive full time employment due to women working.

Bouncers at nightclubs involved in drug deals and assaults to show masculinity

35
Q

Hall et Al - Ethnicity

A

Moral panic in Ireland due to civil war.

Police created the perception of ‘black mugger’ to allow themselves to be more aggressive in their law enforcement.

Led to more discrimination of african americans.

36
Q

Reiner - Ethnicity

A

Canteen culture meant police had racial bias against black people - driving while black

Police more likely to stop and search young black men because of this stigma

These males are labelled as a criminal so they decide to live up to the label.

37
Q

Jewkes - Media

A

A lot of media content is connected with crime - sex crimes, violence crimes etc.

Creates perception that young w/c men are main crime committers

38
Q

Skidmore - Media

A

Media manipulated by the police as their main source of crime news - child abuse

Police play down the extent of problem

Social workers became scapegoats for not acting quickly against crime in the family

39
Q

McRobbie and Thornton - Media

A

Media have power to shape the view of who the folk devils are in society

View of crime was grey instead of black and white

No one agrees who the criminals are so link between media and crime is not definite.

40
Q

Smart - Postmodern

A

All sociologists were incorrect about assuming one can identify causes and solution to crime.

Must look at every crime as a separate issue so cant apply knowledge to all crimes.

Criminologists should leave their work for providing bad information

41
Q

Morrison - Postmodern

A

In modernity, all members of society needed to cooperate.

Postmodernity - rich less likely to help the poor

Say there is nothing wrong with victimising other members of society.

Leads to crime.

42
Q

Castells - Globalisation

A

Global crimes like human trafficking happens in the east more than the west.

International criminal gangs spot opportunity to do crime

Cant tackle 1st world crime until we tackle 3rd world crime

43
Q

Taylor - Globalisation

A

Historically each nation created jobs for people despite skill set

Level of crime was low

Now international influence of work meant less jobs for the unskilled

Led to criminal economy

44
Q

Hobbs and Dunningham - Globalisation

A

Small scale gangs control territories instead of mafias controlling crime.

These small gangs rely on international crime to deal drugs

45
Q

Beck - Green Crime

A

Global risk society - USA hold all he cards so when they fail every country fails

Uproar in crime

46
Q

White - Green Crime

A

Harming the planet harms humans

47
Q

Walters - Green Crime

A

Biopiracy - Destroying land to use for own purposes

Corporate engineering of nature - using technology like fracking to extract nature

48
Q

The Scwhendingers - State Crime

A

Government has power to decide who is/isn’t a criminal.

New laws passed like holding someone for 28 days before they are charged

Human rights compromised

49
Q

Kelman and Hamilton - State Crime

A

Authorisation - Denial of responsibility between orderer and committer

Routinisation - Herding people into gas chambers makes it seem less like murder

Dehumanisation - Victims betrayed as not human so less guilt

50
Q

Kramer and Michalowksi - State Crime

A

State Initiated Corporate Crime - 1986 Challenger shuttle disaster was not needed because government knew rocket was faulty

State Facilitated Corporate Crime - Government do not enforce health and safety laws to ensure lives are not being put at risk

Sociology (6 decks)

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