Crime Flashcards
Marxism
How - Hall, black mugger theory
the- Taylor, new criminology
greedy- Gordon, capitalist society is criminogenic
capitalists- Chambliss, one law for the rich, another for the poor
begun- box, crime is ideologically constructed
stopping- Snider, states only pass laws when forced to
peace- Pearce selective law enforcemnt
neo Marxism
- No one is forced to commit crime, many in same circumstances do not commit crime, Traditional Marxism is too deterministic
Labelling theory
Believing- Becker, Master status and self fulfilling prophecy
Labels- Lemert, primary and secondary deviance
Causes- Cicourel, selective law enforcement, study of two US cities
Crime- Cohen, Moral panics
Feminism
please- Pollack, chivalry thesis
Men- Messerschmidts, research into domestic violence, deviance way of ‘accomplishing masculinity’
Stop Harassing- Silvestri and Heidenson, Malestream Sociology and the invisibility of women
Small- Smart, points out that women are seen as ‘double deviants’
Animals- Alder, liberation thesis
Media and crime
How- Hall, Black mugger theory
Cunning- Cohen, Moral panic, folk devils can lead to deviancy amplification
Broadcasters- baudrillard, hyperreality of crime
Generate- GMG, dominant ideology
Reality- Reiner, News Values
Gender and crime
Please- Pollak, chivalry thesis
Men- Messerschmidts- research into domestic violence deviance way of ‘accomplishing masculinity’
Help- public sphere women controlled
Catch- Carlen, control theory and rational choice in Patriarchal society
Alder- Liberation thesis
Why females appear to commit less crime
- Less detectable offences - i.e. shop lifting
- Sex role theory and gender socialization- traditional roles mean they are more likely to have female characteristics
- Control theory and Rational Choice in Patriarchal Society (Carlen)
- Class deal- the benefits of paid employment
- Gender deal- the rewards of having a family
- Heidensohon- women have more to lose
Globalisation, green crime and state crime
Globalisation- growing interdependence of societies across the world and the spread of information, goods, and money is becoming easier. This is especially due to technology.
Global Risk Consciousness- globalisation creates new insecurities and produces a risk consciousness, where risk is local, rather than local scale. Much of the fears come from the media, as it exaggerates the dangers of crime
Global Corporate Crime
- Drugs
- Human trafficking
- Money laundering
- Cybercrime
Left Realist Approaches to Crime Prevention
Love you- Lea and Young, Remove relative deprivation square of crime needs to link up
Lots- Lyng, Edgework
Lol- Lewis, resentment of heavy handed police causes issues
Kidding- Kinsley, Police need to improve clear up rates.
Right Realist Approaches to Crime Prevention
Working Klass- Wilson and Keiling, ‘broken window thesis’
Criminals Can’t- Cornish and Clarke, crime rational opportunity
Stop- SCP, situational crime prevention, Pease ‘bars, bolts and barriers’
Fighting Cunts- Crime occurs when three conditions present.
approaches to criminal justice
Dumb- Durkheim, punishment as retribution i.e. boundary
Boy- Braithwaite, ‘Restorative justice’ Foucault, from sovereign power to disciplinary power
Loses- Lyon, argues that surveillance in technologically advanced societies has brought more focus on us and our private lives.
A- Althusser, state apparatus
Bad- Becker, says criminal becomes a master status- label of ex-con stops them integrating into society.
Girl- Goffman, interactionist, prison have their own subcultures which provide training grounds for criminals.
Ethnicity
Guys- Gilroy, black people in 70’s
Hate- Hall, black mugger
Raves- Reiner, canteen culture
But Party- Bowling and Phillips indirect racial discrimination and direct racial discrimination.
Feminist approach to crime prevention
Never- Newburn, 5 solutions to the problem of crime
Met- Messerschmidts, research into domestic violence, way of accomplishing masculinity, educate men to prevent
A- Alder, Liberation thesis, look at why women now feel emboldened and educate women to prevent crime
Feminist- Feminists: liberal, marxists, radical-
Liberal Feminists- emphasize improving the circumstances where more women report crimes against them
Marxist feminists- Women commit crime because of their poor economic situation, need to tackle societies inequalities
Radical Feminists- need to highlight sexual exploitation of women and abuse of women, men need to be re-socialised so they do not treat women as objects
Social Class and crime
Because- Box, Marxist, Crime is ideology constructed
Cunts Can- Clarke and Croall, Crimes are hidden from view and hard to detect
Steal- Sutherland, White collar crime
Nowadays- Newburn, focus on crimes of the powerless rather than crimes of the powerful
They Envy- Timmer and Eitzen, crime in the suites vs crime in the streets
white Collar Crime
Sutherland (1983) – crime not simply a working class
phenomenon but widespread. He coined the phrase ‘white
collar crime’ and argued these corporate crimes goes largely
undetected
Globalisation
How- Hobbles and Dunnigham, gangs staying local, yet getting products globally
Globalisation- Glenny, “mcmafia”
Killed- Karofi & Mwanza, globalisation and unregulated financial markets make it easier to trade illegal substances
The- Taylor, free reign market forces has led to greater global inequalities and rising crime rates
Locals- Lash & Urry, Disorganized capitalism, gives new opportunities to criminals
Green Crime
World- White, green criminology is a transgressive and anthropocentric harm
Wide- Wolf, identifies 4 groups who commit green crimes 1)individuals 2)Private Businesses 3)States and governments 4)Organized Crime
Breakdown- Box, Crime is ideologically constructed, tends to ignore crimes of the powerful/state crimes, genocide
Beginning- Beck, Global Risk Society, increased technology can bring risks
Soon- Snider, Capitalist states only pass laws when forced to
State Crimes
Genocide Will- Green and Ward, two main explanations for state crimes
Kill Human- Kelman and Hamilton, Build on crimes of obedience model
Beings- Box, crime is ideologically constructed
Torturing Whales- Tombs & Whyte, researches of state crime will face strong official resistance.
Green and ward, Kelman and Hamilton
Green and ward: They identify two main explanations for state crime:
Integrated theory ( similar to normal crime involves motivation of offenders, opportunities and failure of control) Crimes of obedience model (violent states encourage obedience by those who carry out state backed human right abuses- i.e. torture)
Kelman and Hamilton- build on Crimes of obedience model
Authorization (permitted by the state)
Dehumanization (make people less than human)
Routinization (make it part of regular routine)
Functionalism, New right stats
Dangerous- Durkheim, criminals commit crime as they are immoral, not buying into value consensus Men- Murray, New right, under class cause crime because of how they are Cause Crime- Cornish and Clarke, Rational for poor people to turn to crime
Labelling stats
Believing- Becker, Master status and self fulfilling prophecy
Bad People- Bowling and Philips, stereotyping in prison and recorded crime
Causes- Selective Law enforcement- study of two US cities, crime rates higher in working class areas
Real- Reiner, canteen culture
Crime- Cohen, moral panic
Post Modernist
Let Me- Levin & McDevitt, some hate crimes derive thrills, from inflicting pain on those perceived as different
Kill- Katz, Pleasure and seduction of crime
Lots- Lyng, Edgework
Left Realist
Love You- Lea and young, Relative deprivation, square of crime
Lots- Lyng, Edgework
Bro- Bulimic Society, Young
Crime Statistics
- only include crime known to the police
- unreported crime
- low clear up rates
