crim

Question 1

SEXUAL VIOLENCE

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•

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Sexual violence is any unwanted sexual act or activity. Gender neutral and non-legal.

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• The legal definition of sexual violence vary over time and place.

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• Female genital mutilation (FGM ) is illegal in the UK. But FGM practiced in 30 countries in

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Africa

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the Middle East and Asia.

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• UK: Legalisation of homosexuality; decriminalised in 1967 between two men in

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private if both men were aged 21 or over; Age of consent since reduced from 21 to 18 (1994)

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to 16 (2000). UK: Male rape and rape within marriage only part of criminal law since 1994.

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• Radford

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L. et al (2011): Prevalence and Perpetrators • One in 20 11-17-year-olds reported

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contact sexual abuse (as defined by criminal law) • Two thirds of these (or 1.3% of all under

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17s) said the contact sexual abuse was perpetrated by other children or young people under

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years old. • 0.7% of all children reported sexual abuse by an adult (7 children in every

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1

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000). • 80% of these were abused by an adult they knew. Young people > Known Adults >

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Strangers

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Ofsed report:

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• 90% of girls

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and nearly 50% of boys

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they did not want to see happens a lot or sometimes to them or their peers.

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• 92% of girls

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and 74% of boys

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them or their peers

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Prevalence studies at a national and international level reveal that girls are more likely to

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experience child sexual abuse (CSA) than boys.

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• The Radford (2011) study found that for all age groups (under 11s; 11-17; 18-24) girls were

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more likely to have experienced sexual abuse than boys.

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• Child Protection Data = Girls more likely to be the subject of a child protection plan for

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• GCSE (Hallett et al. 2019)

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• Stranger perpetrators (Gallagher et al.2008)

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• The Radford (2011) study found that older children were more likely to report having

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experienced sexual abuse in the past year than younger children.

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• (Perpetrator information): The vast majority of children who experience sexual abuse were

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abused by someone they knew.

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Certain behaviours captured by existing laws

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• #MeToo movement: Public sexual harassment or street harassment:

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• One in two women and one in six men felt unsafe walking alone after dark in a quiet street

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near their home.

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• One in two women aged between 16 and 34 years experienced one form of harassment in

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the previous 12 months

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with 38% of women aged between 16 and 34 having experienced

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catcalls

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whistles

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being followed.

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(ONS data: Opinions and Lifestyle Survey conducted between 16 February and 13 March

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• Non-legislative actions to tackle public sexual harassment

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The Protection from Sex-Based Harassment in Public Bill passed (September 18 2023)

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• Adds a new section

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4B of the Public Order Act 1986

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• The legislation will introduce harsher sentences if someone who deliberately harasses

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alarms

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or distresses someone in a public place does so because of the victim’s sex

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the maximum sentence increasing from six months to two years

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The communication of consent influenced by gendered expectations around sexual

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• Sexual scripts: ‘guides’ or ‘parameters’ which determine how one expects people to