Credits 2019

Question 1

Extreme neutrophilia is characterized by:

Answer 1

• elevated Neu counts
• poor prognosis
• total WBC > 50x10^9, with >50% Neu for dogs and cats

Question 2

Reference intervals/range is:

Answer 2

• normal/expected values
  Reference range: the entire range of values (min to max) from a population of healthy, non-diseased animals
  Reference interval: interval between upper and lower limit and represent expected results in 95% of healthy animals, or 5% of normal animals (healthy, but abnormal - 2.5% below/above limit)

Question 3

Longest life-span of RBC:

Answer 3

110-120 days in dog
70 days in cat
600-800 days in reptiles

Question 4

Major blood forming organ in fish:

Answer 4

bony fish: kidney
cartilagous fish: spleen

Question 5

Heterophils are similar to:

Answer 5

neutrophils in reptiles

Question 6

Define MCH:

Answer 6

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- amount of Hb with RBC
- average mass of Hb per RBC in a sample of blood
- MCH is determined from the Hb g/l and the total RBC count

Question 7

Causes of low plasma protein and high PCV:

Answer 7

Acute blood loss: trauma, surgery, bleeding GI ulcers
Splenic contraction
Dehydration
Protein loss

Question 8

Name pre-analytic errors and explain them:

Answer 8

Sample collection, handling and storage.
- Blood sampling: trauma - hemolysis
- Excessive EDTA: cell shrinking and falsely low PCV
- Insufficient EDTA: blood clotting and errors in platelet and white cell count
- Excitement/fear when taking sample: increase Neu and lymphocytes
- Dehydration: increased PCV
- Temperature: glucose decreases fast if held in room temperature
- Sample aging, haemolysis and lipaemia can affect results upon arrival at the laboratory

Question 9

Post- analytical errors and explain them:

Answer 9

Analysis and interpretation of test results:
- related to interpretation
- reportion of incorrect values
- ascribing results to wrong patient
- incomplete history of drug therapy

Question 10

The main anticoagulant is:

Answer 10

EDTA or heparin

Question 11

Difference between reticulocytes and polychromatic cells:

Answer 11

All polychromatic cells are reticulocytes, but not all ret are polychromatic
* Ret.: stain blue with new methylene blue, contain clumps of RNA and immature RBCs
* Polychromatophils stain purple with Romanovsky stains, contain young RBC and have cellular organelles

Question 12

Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis:

Answer 12

Anisocytosis: variation in RBC size (macrocytes and microcytes)
Poikilocytosis: abnormally shaped RBCs (shistocytes, acantocytes, echinocytes, spherocytes)

Question 13

Abundance of leukocytes in fish:

Answer 13

Lymphocytes: more than 60%
Monocytes: less than 5%
Eosinophils: 0-3%

Question 14

Aplastic anaemia:

Answer 14

Inability of stem cells to generate mature blood cells. Bone marrow and haematopoietic stem cells are damaged. Causes deficiency in RBC, WBC and platelets.
Morphological classification: normocytic, normochromic anaemia. Normally shaped RBCs with normal Hb content, but RBC number is reduced.

Question 15

Leukocytes in fish:

Answer 15

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils, heterophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Thrombocytes

Question 16

PIVKA is:

Answer 16

A coagulation screening assay
Protein Induced by Vitamin K Abscense
Refers to inactive proteins induced By vit K abscense or antagonism

Question 17

Causes of haemolytic anaemia

Answer 17

Hemolysis of RBC
- immune-mediated
- Henz body anaemia
- Feline leukaemia virus infection (FeLV)
- Septicaemia (by bact. infection)
- Babesia canis in dogs
- Oxidative damage by paracetamol, onions and zinc toxaemia

Question 18

Reptiles have lower:

Answer 18

total RBC count

Question 19

Platelets of reptiles have:

Answer 19

nucleus

Question 20

Blood volume of reptiles represent:

Answer 20

5-8% of body weight

Question 21

Aggregate and punctate is present in:

Answer 21

feline blood

Question 22

Avian anticoagulant:

Answer 22

EDTA

Question 23

Blood percentage in fish:

Answer 23

1-2% of body weight

Question 24

Hypochromic cells are:

Answer 24

Pale with an increased central pallor as a result of decreased Hb concentration from iron deficiency

Question 25

Problems of sampling of fish blood include:

Answer 25

Size of fish - safely with fish greater than 8cm of length Collection time: within 30 min Release of catecholamines during handling - haemaconcentration and swelling of erythrocytes

Question 26

Acute and chronic leukaemia:

Answer 26

Acute: occur when neoplastic transformations occur at the stem cell, and the malignant cells have little differentiation potential. They proliferate rapidly and uncontrolled. Chronic: occurs when neoplastic transformations occur either in stem cells or later cells. Have a strong tendency to differentiate. Cells are morphologically well differentiated, but functionally abnormal. Symptoms are less severe. Less profound cytopenia.

Question 27

DIC develops when:

Answer 27

Normal balance between bleeding and clotting is disturbed - injure body organs, cause anaemia or death.

Question 28

Characterize DIC:

Answer 28

Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Increase of normal clotting mechanisms --> results in depletion of coagulation factors, deposition of fibrin clots in microvasculature, and second activation of fibrinolytic mechanisms

Question 29

Heterophils are similar to:

Answer 29

Neutrophils in reptiles

Question 30

MCV indicates

Answer 30

Average size of RBCs

Question 31

Auto-agglutination is

Answer 31

When high numbers of antibody are present, then individual antibodies can bind to more than one red cell, causing the cells to clump together. - Caused by immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia or due to a mismatched blood transfusion

Question 32

Conditions causing haemolysis:

Answer 32

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia Heinz body anaemia Feline leukemia virus infection Bacterial infection - septicaemia Oxidative damage caused by paracetamol, onions or zinc

Question 33

Factors affecting RBC count in reptiles:

Answer 33

Environment Nutritional status Gender

Question 34

Characterize haemangiosarcoma

Answer 34

Tumour of middle aged and old dogs, esp. German Shepherd and Golden Retriever Malignant vascular tumour of spleen, liver and right atrium of the heart

Question 35

Schistocytes and spherocytes:

Answer 35

Schistocytes: RBC fragments caused by DIC, haemangiosarcoma or iron deficiency due to oxidative injury Spherocytes: darkly stained rounded RBCs that lack a central pallor, caused by zinc toxicosis, hereditary spherocytosis and blood transfusion with mismatched blood

Question 36

What is degenerative left-shift?

Answer 36

Low or normal WBC count, and band neutrophils exceeds mature neutrophils.

Question 37

Nucleated thrombocytes are present in:

Answer 37

birds, reptiles and fish

Question 38

Low plasma protein and low PCV is due to:

Answer 38

Recent or ongoing blood loss Plasma proteins are lost from the body along with RBC's Internal haemorrhage

Question 39

3 types of Von Willebrands disease:

Answer 39

Type 1: decreased VWF Type 2: VWF decrease in larger size. More severe bleeding. Type 3: None or only trace amounts of VWF present. Severe bleeding.