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Haematology final > Credits 2019 > Flashcards

Credits 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

Extreme neutrophilia is characterized by:

A
  • elevated Neu counts
  • poor prognosis
  • total WBC > 50x10^9, with >50% Neu for dogs and cats
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2
Q

Reference intervals/range is:

A
  • normal/expected values
    Reference range: the entire range of values (min to max) from a population of healthy, non-diseased animals
    Reference interval: interval between upper and lower limit and represent expected results in 95% of healthy animals, or 5% of normal animals (healthy, but abnormal - 2.5% below/above limit)
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3
Q

Longest life-span of RBC:

A

110-120 days in dog
70 days in cat
600-800 days in reptiles

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4
Q

Major blood forming organ in fish:

A

bony fish: kidney
cartilagous fish: spleen

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5
Q

Heterophils are similar to:

A

neutrophils in reptiles

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6
Q

Define MCH:

A

Mean corpuscular haemoglobin
- amount of Hb with RBC
- average mass of Hb per RBC in a sample of blood
- MCH is determined from the Hb g/l and the total RBC count

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7
Q

Causes of low plasma protein and high PCV:

A

Acute blood loss: trauma, surgery, bleeding GI ulcers
Splenic contraction
Dehydration
Protein loss

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8
Q

Name pre-analytic errors and explain them:

A

Sample collection, handling and storage.
- Blood sampling: trauma - hemolysis
- Excessive EDTA: cell shrinking and falsely low PCV
- Insufficient EDTA: blood clotting and errors in platelet and white cell count
- Excitement/fear when taking sample: increase Neu and lymphocytes
- Dehydration: increased PCV
- Temperature: glucose decreases fast if held in room temperature
- Sample aging, haemolysis and lipaemia can affect results upon arrival at the laboratory

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9
Q

Post- analytical errors and explain them:

A

Analysis and interpretation of test results:
- related to interpretation
- reportion of incorrect values
- ascribing results to wrong patient
- incomplete history of drug therapy

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10
Q

The main anticoagulant is:

A

EDTA or heparin

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11
Q

Difference between reticulocytes and polychromatic cells:

A

All polychromatic cells are reticulocytes, but not all ret are polychromatic
* Ret.: stain blue with new methylene blue, contain clumps of RNA and immature RBCs
* Polychromatophils stain purple with Romanovsky stains, contain young RBC and have cellular organelles

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12
Q

Anisocytosis and poikilocytosis:

A

Anisocytosis: variation in RBC size (macrocytes and microcytes)
Poikilocytosis: abnormally shaped RBCs (shistocytes, acantocytes, echinocytes, spherocytes)

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13
Q

Abundance of leukocytes in fish:

A

Lymphocytes: more than 60%
Monocytes: less than 5%
Eosinophils: 0-3%

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14
Q

Aplastic anaemia:

A

Inability of stem cells to generate mature blood cells. Bone marrow and haematopoietic stem cells are damaged. Causes deficiency in RBC, WBC and platelets.
Morphological classification: normocytic, normochromic anaemia. Normally shaped RBCs with normal Hb content, but RBC number is reduced.

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15
Q

Leukocytes in fish:

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Neutrophils, heterophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Thrombocytes

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16
Q

PIVKA is:

A

A coagulation screening assay
Protein Induced by Vitamin K Abscense
Refers to inactive proteins induced By vit K abscense or antagonism

17
Q

Causes of haemolytic anaemia

A

Hemolysis of RBC
- immune-mediated
- Henz body anaemia
- Feline leukaemia virus infection (FeLV)
- Septicaemia (by bact. infection)
- Babesia canis in dogs
- Oxidative damage by paracetamol, onions and zinc toxaemia

18
Q

Reptiles have lower:

A

total RBC count

19
Q

Platelets of reptiles have:

A

nucleus

20
Q

Blood volume of reptiles represent:

A

5-8% of body weight

21
Q

Aggregate and punctate is present in:

A

feline blood

22
Q

Avian anticoagulant:

A

EDTA

23
Q

Blood percentage in fish:

A

1-2% of body weight

24
Q

Hypochromic cells are:

A

Pale with an increased central pallor as a result of decreased Hb concentration from iron deficiency

25
Q

Problems of sampling of fish blood include:

A

Size of fish - safely with fish greater than 8cm of length
Collection time: within 30 min
Release of catecholamines during handling - haemaconcentration and swelling of erythrocytes

26
Q

Acute and chronic leukaemia:

A

Acute: occur when neoplastic transformations occur at the stem cell, and the malignant cells have little differentiation potential. They proliferate rapidly and uncontrolled.

Chronic: occurs when neoplastic transformations occur either in stem cells or later cells. Have a strong tendency to differentiate. Cells are morphologically well differentiated, but functionally abnormal. Symptoms are less severe. Less profound cytopenia.

27
Q

DIC develops when:

A

Normal balance between bleeding and clotting is disturbed - injure body organs, cause anaemia or death.

28
Q

Characterize DIC:

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Increase of normal clotting mechanisms –> results in depletion of coagulation factors, deposition of fibrin clots in microvasculature, and second activation of fibrinolytic mechanisms

29
Q

Heterophils are similar to:

A

Neutrophils in reptiles

30
Q

MCV indicates

A

Average size of RBCs

31
Q

Auto-agglutination is

A

When high numbers of antibody are present, then individual antibodies can bind to more than one red cell, causing the cells to clump together.
- Caused by immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia or due to a mismatched blood transfusion

32
Q

Conditions causing haemolysis:

A

Immune mediated haemolytic anaemia
Heinz body anaemia
Feline leukemia virus infection
Bacterial infection - septicaemia
Oxidative damage caused by paracetamol, onions or zinc

33
Q

Factors affecting RBC count in reptiles:

A

Environment
Nutritional status
Gender

34
Q

Characterize haemangiosarcoma

A

Tumour of middle aged and old dogs, esp. German Shepherd and Golden Retriever
Malignant vascular tumour of spleen, liver and right atrium of the heart

35
Q

Schistocytes and spherocytes:

A

Schistocytes: RBC fragments caused by DIC, haemangiosarcoma or iron deficiency due to oxidative injury

Spherocytes: darkly stained rounded RBCs that lack a central pallor, caused by zinc toxicosis, hereditary spherocytosis and blood transfusion with mismatched blood

36
Q

What is degenerative left-shift?

A

Low or normal WBC count, and band neutrophils exceeds mature neutrophils.

37
Q

Nucleated thrombocytes are present in:

A

birds, reptiles and fish

38
Q

Low plasma protein and low PCV is due to:

A

Recent or ongoing blood loss
Plasma proteins are lost from the body along with RBC’s
Internal haemorrhage

39
Q

3 types of Von Willebrands disease:

A

Type 1: decreased VWF
Type 2: VWF decrease in larger size. More severe bleeding.
Type 3: None or only trace amounts of VWF present. Severe bleeding.

Haematology final (3 decks)

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