Creative and Critical Thinking Flashcards
Define: validity
Whether an instrument/method is controlling what it is supposed to
Define: internal validity
Ability to draw a causal inference and extent to which changes in the DV are due to the IV.
What are the 2 threats to internal validity
Extraneous variables: other factors that may explain DV change
Confounding variables: causes problems with the implementations of experiment
What is an experimental effect?
Changes in DV produced by IV
What is an experimental error?
When changes in DV are due to other variables
What is the difference between independent and dependent studies?
Independent: different groups are given different levels of IV
Dependant: same group is given different levels of IV
How do you control research participant effects?
Disguise study or single blind study
How do you control experimenter effects?
Automated random allocations and double blind studies
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Estimate the likelihood of a certain event based on personal experiences/ideas.
What is the availability heuristic?
Predicting the probability of an event based on how easy it is to recall relevant information
What is the Overconfidence bias?
People are more confident about their decision than reasonable.
What is Anchoring and Insufficient Adjustment?
Basing all estimates based on the initial value. Final estimate depends too greatly on the first estimate.
What is the confirmation bias?
Seeks to remember and recall information that supports our own ideas. Self-fulfilling prophecy is an extreme form of confirmation bias.
What is the framing effect?
Reacting differently to the same information depending on how it is presented
What is the sunk cost effect?
Tendency to invest in something that isn’t not working simply because we have invested before
