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Psychology > Cream Pack > Flashcards

Cream Pack Flashcards

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1
Q

Why consider ethical issues in psychological research?

A
  1. To safeguard the interests of the participants
  2. Society has high standards for moral behaviour in scientists
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2
Q

What’s the aim of the BPS code of ethics and conduct (2009?)

A

To provide ethical standards which apply to all

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3
Q

What are the big four in the code of conduct

A
  1. Respect
  2. Competence
  3. Responsibility
  4. Integrity
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4
Q

Explain respect

A

All human beings are worthy of equal moral consideration.

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5
Q

Explain competence

A

Psychologists ability to use their specialist knowledge, training, skills, and experience to a professional level

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6
Q

Explain responsibility

A

Members must accept appropriate responsibility for what is within their power, control, or management

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7
Q

Explain integrity

A

Being honest, truthful, accurate, and consistent in one’s actions, words, decisions, methods and outcomes

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8
Q

What are four standards that the code of conduct has

A

Giving advice, general respect, protection of participants, and right to withdraw

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9
Q

Give an advantage of the ethical guidelines

A

Participants are protected from mental and physical harm

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10
Q

Give a disadvantage of ethical guidelines

A

It constrains research in psychology therefore reducing its validity

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11
Q

Give the underlying philosophical approach of the code of conduct

A

Do unto others as you would be done by

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12
Q

Suggest an ethical reason why we use animal testing instead of human testing

A

Many experiments psychologists conducted were deemed unethical for human testing but important enough to be justified for animal testing

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13
Q

Give 2 practical reasons why we use animals for testing

A

Animals are good participants so research with animal tends to be highly reliable

Humans have evolved from other animals

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14
Q

What’s the title when conducting research involving animals?

A

Guidelines for psychologists working with animals (2012)

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15
Q

What are 3 things psychologists should do in the guidelines for working with animals (2012)?

A

Replacing the use of animals - using alternatives eg computer simulation

Number of animals - use the smallest number of animals possible

Animal care - the conditions they are kept in must be good

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16
Q

What are the three R’s

A

Replacement, reduction, and refinement

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17
Q

What are the three licences?

A

Personal licence

Project licence

Establishment licence

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18
Q

Give an advantage of the ethical guidelines of research with animals

A

Rigorous legislation protects animals with are otherwise unable to defend themselves

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19
Q

Give a disadvantage of the ethical guidelines of research on animals

A

Replication might be prevented so a study cannot be repeated - reducing reliability

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20
Q

What are three things the standard 2.2 on ethical decision making says psychologists should do?

A

Recognise that ethical dilemmas will inevitably rise

Accept responsibility to resolve dilemmas

Be committed to the requirements

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21
Q

Define reliability

A

A research finding that’s produced consistently

22
Q

Define validity

A

The extent to which a study has measured what it claims to measure

23
Q

Define internal validity

A

The extent to which a test of human behaviour accurately measures what it’s supposed to measure

24
Q

What does objectivity mean

A

No bias or personal interpretations in an experiment

25
Q

What does subjectivity mean?

A

Personal opinions

26
Q

Define ecological validity

A

The extent to which a research finding obtained in one environment can be generalised to a different situation

27
Q

Define generalisability

A

Applying findings to a wider population

28
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of qualitative data

A

Advantage - The data gives info about the meanings of behaviour - increasing validity

Disadvantage - analysis of data is open to interpretation and so is more subjective - decreasing validity

29
Q

Give an advantage and disadvantage of quantitative data

A

Advantage - data tends to be easier to replicate - more reliable

Disadvantage - lacks richness in detail - decreasing validity

30
Q

Questionnaire strengths

A

High reliability - easily replicated
Produces quantitative data
Researcher doesn’t need to be present

31
Q

Weaknesses of questionnaires

A

Closed questions limit validity
Demand characteristics

32
Q

What are the 6 main phrases for thematic analysis

A

Familiarisation with the data
Coding
Searching for themes
Reviewing themes
Defining and naming themes
Writing up

33
Q

Strengths of thematic analysis

A

Data is rich as it’s qualitative

34
Q

Weaknesses of thematic analysis

A

Validity is undermined
Reliability is undermined

35
Q

Strengths of interviews

A

Produces rich qualitative data

36
Q

Weaknesses of interviews

A

Unreliable
Lacks validity

37
Q

Strength of lab experiment

A

Control over extraneous variables
Allow for cause and effect
High reliability

38
Q

Weaknesses of lab experiment

A

Lack ecological validity
Experimenter effects can be high
Raises ethical issues
Demand characteristics could be high

39
Q

Strengths of a field experiment

A

Greater ecological validity
Produce quantitative data
Demand characteristics are low

40
Q

Weaknesses of field experiment

A

Experimenter effects can occur
Raises ethical problems
Can’t control extraneous variables

41
Q

What are independent groups

A

Using different groups in each condition

42
Q

What are repeated measures

A

Using the same participants in each condition

43
Q

What are matched pairs

A

Using different participants in each condition but making them the same on some variables that might affect their performance

44
Q

Strengths of independent groups

A

Order effects don’t occur
Demand characteristics are low

45
Q

Weaknesses of independent groups

A

Participant variables may affect results
More participants are required to

46
Q

Strengths of repeated measures

A

Participant variables don’t affect results
Fewer participants required

47
Q

Weaknesses of repeated measures

A

Demand characteristics may occur
Order effects occur - tiredness

48
Q

Strengths of matched pairs

A

Participant variables don’t occur
Order effects don’t occur
Demand characteristics don’t occur

49
Q

Weaknesses of matched pairs

A
  • Matching participants is difficult
  • Process may be biased by experimenter effects
  • more participants are required
50
Q

Strengths of case studies

A

Produces rich qualitative data
Validity is high

51
Q

Weaknesses of case studies

A

Results gain may not be able to be generalised

Psychology (2 decks)

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