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Anatomy Summer > Cranium Osteology > Flashcards

Cranium Osteology Flashcards

1
Q

What surrounds the brain?

A

Neurocranium

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2
Q

What are the facial bones called?

A

Viscerocranium

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3
Q

How many bones in the skull?

A

28

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4
Q

The skull is split into 2 parts

A

Cranium

Mandible

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5
Q

What are the 6 midline, unpaired bones

A 
Occipital
Frontal
Mandible
Sphenoid 
Ethmoid
Vomer
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6
Q

What are the 11 pairs of bilateral bones

A 
Parietal 
Temporal
Zygomatic 
Maxilla
 Nasal
Palatine
Lacrimal 
Inferior nasal concha
Malleus 
Incus 
Stapes
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7
Q

The neurocranium is subdivided into two parts:

A

Calvaria

Cranial base

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8
Q

What is the dome shaped roof of neurocranium

A

Calvaria

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9
Q

Floor of the neurocranium

A

Cranial base

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10
Q

Majority of bones in the Calvaria are fused by fibrous joints called

A

Sutures

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11
Q

What separates the parietal and temporal bones?

A

Squamous suture

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12
Q

What separates the frontal and parietal bones?

A

Coronal suture

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13
Q

What separates the parietal and temporal bones from the occipital bone?

A

Lambdoid suture

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14
Q

What separates the parietal bones?

A

Sagittarius suture

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15
Q

What is the pterion?

A

When all four bones meet

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16
Q

An injury to the pterion may cause?

A

Extradural (epidural) hematoma

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17
Q

What is deep to the pterion?

A

The middle meningeal artery

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18
Q

What is the middle meningeal artery a branch of?

A

The external carotid artery

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19
Q

What is covered with mucosa, increase vascular and mucosal surface area, and warms and moistens air?

A

Superior, middle, and inferior concha

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20
Q

Which parts of the concha is apart of the ethmoid bone?

A

Superior and middle nasal concha

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21
Q

What’s the attachment point for falx cerebri

A

Crista Gaili

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22
Q

What function does the cribiform plate

A

Transmits the olfactory nerves CN I from the olfactory areas of the nasal cavities to the olfactory bulbs of the brain

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23
Q

What organ is located in the hypophyseal fossa?

A

Pituitary gland

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24
Q

How many hormones secreted by the pituitary gland?

A

9

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25
Q

What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?.

A

Prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, HGH, MSH

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26
Q

What hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

ADH, oxytocin

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27
Q

Anterior cranial fossa is in what lobe?

A

Frontal

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28
Q

Middle cranial fossa is in what lobe?

A

Temporal

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29
Q

What is in the posterior cranial fossa

A

Cerebellum

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30
Q

What space of spinal cord contains fat and internal vertebral venous plexus?

A

Epidural space

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31
Q

“Tough mother” outermost meningeal layer (spinal cord)

A

Dura mater

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32
Q

What space of the spinal cord is between dura mater and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

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33
Q

“Spider mother” thin, delicate, a vascular. Adhered to dura mater (spinal cord)

A

Arachnoid mater

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34
Q

What space of the spinal cord is filled with cerebral spinal fluid and is the space you access when doing lumbar puncture

A

Subarachnoid space

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35
Q

“Tender mother” it’s like a Saran Wrap adhering to cord (spinal cord)

A

Pia mater

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36
Q

This space of the brain has no epidural fat or venous plexus

A

Epidural space

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37
Q

Tightly adhered to skull, eliminating epidural space (brain)

A

Dura mater

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38
Q

Dura mater of the brain splits into two layers in the head

A

Periosteal layer

Meningeal layer- continuous with cord dura

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39
Q

(Brain) meninge loosely attached to dura, and contains arachnoid granulations

A

Arachnoid mater

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40
Q

Arachnoid granulations

A

Small protrusions of arachnoid through dura that absorbs CSF

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41
Q

(Brain) space that contains CSF and cerebral arteries and veins

A

Subarachnoid space

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42
Q

Meninge of the brain that “Saran wrap” around the brain

A

Pia mater

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43
Q

“True” spaces of the spinal cord

A

Epidural

Subarachnoid

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44
Q

Potential space of spinal cord

A

Subdural

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45
Q

True spaces of brain

A

Subarachnoid

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46
Q

Potential spaces of brain

A

Epidural

Subdural

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47
Q

Epidural (extradural) hematoma

A

Due to trauma
Between periosteal layer of dura and bone
Arterial bleed required to peel tightly adherent dura from skull
Doesn’t usually cross suture lines
Lenticular or bi-convex shape

48
Q

Subdural hematoma

A

Often due to trauma
Between the meningeal layer of dura and arachnoid
Due to tears in cerebral or bridging veins
May cross suture lines
Crescent shape

49
Q

Subdural space

A

Deep to dura

Bridging veins

50
Q

Bridging veins

A

Superior cerebral veins that empty into the superior Sagittarius sinus

51
Q

What damage can bridging veins cause

A

Bleeding into the Subdural space

52
Q

Subarachnoid hematoma

A

Deep to arachnoid mater

Fluid filled: CSF and blood vessels

53
Q

Intracerebral hemorrhage

A

Ruptured cerebral artery

Is a accumulation of blood inside the brain

54
Q

Subdural hematoma is often due to

A

Cerebral vein rupture

55
Q

Epidural hematoma is often due to

A

Middle meninge am artery rupture

56
Q

Dura partitions are formed by

A

Meningeal layer of the dura mater

57
Q

What is the falx cerebri

A

Separates two hemispheres of cerebrum

Verticals projection

58
Q

Falx cerebelli does what

A

Sperates two hemispheres of cerebellum

Vertical projection

59
Q

What does the tentorium cerebelli do

A

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

Horizontal projection

60
Q

What does the diaphragms Sallae do

A

Covers pituitary gland

Horizontal projection

61
Q

Innervation of anterior cranial fossa

A

CN V1

62
Q

Innervation of medial middle cranial fossa

A

CN V2 (maxillary)

63
Q

Innervation of lateral middle fossa

A

CN V3 (mandibular)

64
Q

Posterior cranial fossa Innervation

A 
CN X (vagus) 
C1-C3 ( cervical nerves)
65
Q

Dura blood supply

A

The dura mater receives its own vascular supply mostly from the middle meningeal artery and vein

66
Q

What is the major venous drainage system of the brain, meninges, calvarium, and other structures of the head

A

Dura venous system

67
Q

Where do endothelial lined channels occur

A

Between periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater

68
Q

All dura sinuses ultimately drain into the internal jugular veins @ the

A

The jugular foramina

69
Q

What veins drain into the dura venous sinuses

A 
Diploic veins
Emissary veins 
Cerebral veins
Bridging veins 
Arachnoid granulations
70
Q

What drains flat bones of calvarium

A

Diploic veins

71
Q

What connects extracranial veins with intracranial dura sinuses

A

Emissary veins

72
Q

What do the cerebral veins do

A

Drain the brain parenchyma
Subrarchnoid space
Pierce the meninges and drain into the cranial venous sinuses

73
Q

What veins drain cerebrum and cerebellum and cross subarachnoid and Subdural spaces to drain into sinuses

A

Bridging veins

74
Q

What drains the CSF from subarachnoid space into the dura, sinuses

A

Arachnoid granulations

75
Q

Do the dural venous sinuses have valves?

A

No

76
Q

Superior Sagittal sinus

A

Superior border of the falx cerebri

77
Q

What does the superior sagittal sinus receive

A

Superior cerebral, Diploic, and emissary veins and CSF

78
Q

Where is the inferior sagittal sinus

A

Inferior margin of falx cerebri

79
Q

What does the inferior sagittal sinus receive

A

few cerebral veins and veins from the falx cerebri

80
Q

Great cerebral vein does?

A

Joins w the inferior sagittal sinus to form the straight sinus

81
Q

What does the great cerebral vein ( vein of Galen) receive

A

Superior cerebeller veins, and veins from the falx cerebri; drains deep areas of the cerebral hemispheres

82
Q

Junction of falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli

A

Straight sinus

83
Q

Straight sinus receives

A

Inferior sagittal sinus, great cerebral vein, posterior cerebral veins, superior cerebellar veins, and veins from the falx cerebri

84
Q

Falx cerebelli against occipital bone

A

Occipital sinus

85
Q

Occipital sinus receives

A

Communicates inferiorly with vertebral plexus of veins

86
Q

Confluence of sinuses

A

Dilated space at the internal occipital protuberance

87
Q

Confluence of sinuses receives

A

Superior sagittal, straight, and occipital sinuses

88
Q

Transverse sinus

A

Horizontal extensions from the confluence of sinuses along the posterior and lateral attachments of the tentorium cerebelli

89
Q

Transverse sinus receives

A

Confluence of sinuses transverse, superior sagittal, straight superior petrosal inferior cerebral, cerebellar, diploic, and
emissary veins

90
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A

Continuation of transverse sinuses to internal jugular vein

91
Q

Sigmoid sinus receives

A

Transverse sinuses, and cerebral, cerebellar, diploic, and emissary veins

92
Q

Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses

A

Both have a relationship with the petrous part of temporal bone

93
Q

Superior and Inferior Petrosal Sinuses receives

A

Cavernous sinus, and cerebral and cerebellar veins

The inferior petrosal also receives veins from the
internal ear and brainstem

94
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

Lateral aspect of the body of sphenoid

95
Q

Cavernous sinus receives

A

Cerebral and ophthalmic veins, deep veins of the face, sphenoparietal sinuses, and emissary veins

96
Q

What does the cavernous sinus communicate with?

A

Facial vein via the ophthalmic veins

97
Q

What artery passes through the cavernous sinus

A

Internal carotid artery

98
Q

What nerves pass through the cavernous sinus

A

Cranial nerves

99
Q

What provides pathways for infection

A

The venous drainage

100
Q

Venous plexus located on either side of the body of the

A

Sphenoid bone

101
Q

What receives venous flow from deep veins of face and ophthalmic veins

A

Cavernous sinus

102
Q

Infections in the face can cause infection in cavernous sinus and possibly into the eye is called

A

Triangle of death

103
Q

What is the cavernous sinus drained by

A

Superior and inferior Petrosal sinuses

104
Q

Cavernous sinus thrombosis is also called

A

Triangle of death, danger triangle

105
Q

How often is cavernous sinus thrombosis (triangle of death)

A

Very rare

106
Q

Triangle of death develops from

A

Sinus infections
Skin infections of the face
Nasal boils
Dental infections

107
Q

Most common pathogen for cavernous sinus thrombosis is

A

Staphylococcus aureus

108
Q

Symptoms of cavernous sinus thrombosis triangle of death

A

Fever
Headache (50% to 90%)
Periorbital swelling and pain
Vision changes (photophobia, diplopia, loss of vision)
Weakened eye movement
Starts with one eye and then progresses to another eye

109
Q

CSF is produces in the ventricles by what

A

The choroid plexus

110
Q

Flow of CSF

A 
Lateral ventricle (bilateral) ->
Interventricular Foramen of Monro ->
 3rd ventricle -> 
Cerebral aqueduct -> 
4th ventricle -> 
Foramina of Luschka and foramen of Magendie ->
 Subarachnoid space ->
 Absorbed by arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi) -> 
Superior sagittal sinus
111
Q

Cerebral aqueduct does not have

A

Choroid plexus

112
Q

The flow of CSF

A

Little infants try crying for food sorry all done

113
Q

Hydrocephalus caused by

A

Overproduction of CSF
Obstruction of CSF flow from the ventricles
Most commonly at cerebral aqueduct
Inability of arachnoid granulations to absorb CSF
Usually due to previous subarachnoid hemorrhage

114
Q

Obstruction of CSF flow from ventricles happen where

A

Most commonly at cerebral aqueduct

115
Q

Is hydrocephalus more common in adults or children

A

Adults

116
Q

Hydrocephalus in adults

A

Interruption of CSF absorption through the arachnoid granulations.
This occurs when blood enters the subarachnoid space after subarachnoid hemorrhage, passes over the brain, and interferes with normal CSF absorption.
Placing a catheter into the ventricular system may relieve the pressure.

117
Q

Hydrocephalus in children

A

The size and dimensions of the ventricle increases, and as a result the brain enlarges.
Because the skull sutures are not fused, the head expands.

Anatomy Summer (8 decks)

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