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Neuroscience Exam #2 > Cranial Nerves - Pons > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves - Pons Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two parts of the pons?

A

(1) Tegmentum

(2) Basis Pontis

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2
Q

What part of the pons is the dorsal portion containing cranial nerves and ascending and descending tracts?

A

Tegmentum

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3
Q

What part of the pons lies just below the fourth ventricle?

A

Tegmentum

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4
Q

What part of the pons is the ventral portion containing pontine nuclei and crossing pontine fibers running transversely which make up the middle cerebellar peduncle?

A

Basis Pontis

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5
Q

What 3 large fascicles of fibers are contained within the ventral portion of the pons (basis pontis)?

A
  • corticospinal
  • corticobulbar
  • corticopontine
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6
Q

The fibers of the ventral pons runs in which direction?

A

the caudal direction

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7
Q

The cerebellar peduncles can be seen at what level?

A

the pontine level

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8
Q

The cerebellar afferents enter the cerebellum through what parts of the cerebral peduncles?

A

inferior and middle

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9
Q

The cerebellar afferents exit the cerebellum through what part of the cerebral peduncles?

A

superior

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10
Q

What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the pons?

A
  • CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
  • CN VII (facial)
  • CN VI (abducens)
  • CN V (trigeminal)
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11
Q

What division of the CN VIII relays auditory information from the cochlea?

A

Cochlear division

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12
Q

Auditory information is distributed bilaterally through what two areas?

A

the brainstem and cortical auditory areas

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13
Q

Would a unilateral lesion of CNS auditory structures result in unilateral deafness?

A

NO (due to bilateral distribution)

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14
Q

Damage to the CN VIII or both cochlear nuclei results in what? ipsilateral or contralateral?

A

ipsilateral deafness

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15
Q

Is the cochlear system (auditory) topographically or tonotopically organized?

A

tonotopically organized

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16
Q

What is the ultimate goal of auditory pathways? Be specific.

A

cerebral cortex (the superior surface of the superior temporal gyrus; Brodmann’s areas 41 and 42; primary auditory cortex; Transverse Temporal Gyri of Heschl

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17
Q

When does cross-communication of auditory information occur? Before or after arriving at the cortex?

A

before arriving at cortex

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18
Q

The bilateral representation of auditory information supports the ability to do what?

A

localize sound to one side

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19
Q

The cochlear nerve consists of axons or central processes of neurons bringing afferent information from where?

A

the inner ear

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20
Q

The cochlear nerve enters the brainstem where?

A

at the cerebellopontine angle

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21
Q

After entering the brainstem, the cochlear nerve bifurcates to synapse in what?

A

bifurcates to synapse in BOTH dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei

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22
Q

Nuclei of the cochlear nerve are located where?

A

nuclei are superficial and located in rostral (open) medulla, adjacent to the base of the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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23
Q

What are the 7 nuclei where the ascending pathways of the cochlear nerve synapse after the cochlear nuclei?

A
  • dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei
  • superior olivary nucleus
  • lateral lemniscus
  • nucleus of inferior colliculus
  • brachium of inferior colliculus
  • medial geniculate nucleus
  • primary auditory cortex
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24
Q

Pathway of protective auditory reflex?

A

inferior colliculus –> superior colliculus –> tectospinal tract ==> reflex turning of head to sound

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25
Q

What does the superior olivary nucleus project to to dampen noise at the stapes?

A

Superior olivary nucleus projects to CN VII - stapedius muscle

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26
Q

What does the superior olivary nucleus project to to dampen noise at the malleus?

A

Superior olivary nucleus projects to CN V - tensor tympani

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27
Q

What is known as a tumor growing in the cerebellopontine angle?

A

acoustic neuroma

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28
Q

Where does the acoustic neuroma tumor (usually benign) begin?

A

on CN VIII

29
Q

What is the result of an irritative lesion of the vestibular component of the cochlear nerve?

A

changes in perception of head position - spinning sensation, vertigo

30
Q

Tinnitus refers to an irritative lesion that results in what?

A

ringing of the ears

31
Q

In addition to CN VIII, acoustic neuroma can also involve what 3 other cranial nerves?

A

CN VII, V, IX

32
Q

What 2 antibiotics are toxic to the CNS?

A
  • penicillin

- streptomyocin

33
Q

What CN has a “weak” spot in the change from the meninges to the connective tissue component of a peripheral nerve?

A

CN VIII

34
Q

When toxic antibiotics are given for ear infections, they can effect what CN, specifically?

A

CN VIII

35
Q

What cranial nerve is a mixed nerve for general sensation of the face and head area, as well as motor output tot he muscles of mastication?

A

CN V - trigeminal

36
Q

The sensory part of the trigeminal nerve carry the same modalities as those carried in in what 2 systems/tracts?

A

the dorsal column system and the spinothalamic tract

37
Q

The trigeminal nerve provides general somatosensation to what part of the face?

A

anterior 2/3 of the face

38
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A

V1 - opthalamic division; above the eye
V2 - maxillary division; below the eye, above the mouth
V3 - mandibular division; jaw

39
Q

The LMNs of the trigeminal nerve innervate what?

A

muscles of mastication

40
Q

The LMNs of the mandibular division of CN V are located where?

A

Motor nucleus of V (Trigeminal Motor Nucleus)

41
Q

The LMNs of facial nerve are located where?

A

motor nucleus of VII (Facial Motor Nucleus)

42
Q

The LMNs of facial nerve innervate what? contralateral or ipsilateral?

A

ipsilateral muscles of facial expression, platysma, and stapedius

43
Q

Where do the axons of LMNs of the facial nerve exit the pons?

A

exits at anterolateral part of tegmentum of lower pons

44
Q

UMNs innervation (corticobulbar) of facial nerve is bilateral to what part of the face?

A

bilateral to upper part of face representation

45
Q

UMNs innervation (corticobulbar) of facial nerve is contralateral to what part of the face?

A

contralateral only to lower part of face representation

46
Q

A lesion of the nucleus or the fibers of motor neurons of facial nerve result in what?

A

result in LMN signs in the innervated muscles - ipsilateral deficit

47
Q

Where are the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the facial nerve located?

A

located in the reticular formation in the caudal pons

48
Q

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies for tear production located?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion (lacrimal gland)

49
Q

Where are the postganglionic cell bodies for salivation located?

A

submandibular ganglia (submandibular and sublingual glands)

50
Q

The cell bodies for taste (from anterior 2/3 of tongue) are found where?

A

rostral part of the solitary nucleus (NTS)

51
Q

The axons of taste (from anterior 2/3 of tongue) project where?

A

project from the NTS ipsilaterally to the VPM then to the gustatory area of the cortex - parietal lobe and insula

52
Q

What is the pathology that results from a LMN deficit to muscles of facial expression?

A

Bell’s Palsy

53
Q

UMN lesions of the facial nerve result in what?

A

deficit on contralateral lower face only

54
Q

What is the blink reflex?

A

touch the cornea and both eyes close

55
Q

Direct response of the blink reflex?

A

closure of the touched eye

56
Q

Indirect or consensual response of the blink reflex?

A

closure of the untouched eye

57
Q

What is the receptor of the blink reflex?

A

free nerve ending in cornea (peripheral process of sensory neuron in the opthalamic division of CN V (elicit with cotton wisp)

58
Q

The central process of the afferent limb of the blink reflex ends in what nucleus?

A

central process ends in main sensory nucleus of V

59
Q

The interneurons of the blink reflex in the main sensory nucleus of V project where?

A

project directly to ipsilateral facial motor nucleus and to RF interneurons

60
Q

The direct reflex efferent limb of the blink reflex projects from what nucleus to where?

A

ipsilateral facial motor nucleus to orbicularis oculi (BLINK)

61
Q

The indirect reflex efferent limb of the blink reflex projects from what nucleus to where? to activate what?

A

RF interneurons project to contralateral facial motor nucleus to activate contralateral orbicularis oculi (BLINK)

62
Q

Symptoms of lesions to the facial nerve?

A
  • LMN deficit of ipsilateral face
  • dry cornea; ulcerated cornea
  • loss of taste over ipsilateral anterior 2/3 of tongue
  • inability to produce saliva
  • hyperacusis - stapedius can’t dampen sound
63
Q

Motor nuclei located in the pons (4)?

A
  • Abducens Nucleus (CN VI)
  • Superior Salivary Nucleus (CN VII)
  • Facial Motor Nucleus (CN VII)
  • Trigeminal Motor Nucleus (CN V)
64
Q

Sensory nuclei located in the pons (6)?

A
  • Solitary Nucleus (taste part)
  • Superior Vestibular Nuclei
  • Lateral Vestibular Nuclei
  • Main Sensory Trigeminal Nucleus
  • Mesencephalic Trigeminal Nucleus
  • Spinal Trigeminal Nucleus
65
Q

Sensory component of facial nerve?

A

taste of anterior 2/3 of tongue

66
Q

Somatic motor component of facial nerve?

A

muscles of expression; reflexive control of auditory sounds - stapedius

67
Q

Autonomic motor component of facial nerve?

A

lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual gland

68
Q

Loss of somatic motor component (muscles of facial expression) results in what?

A

Bell’s Palsy

Neuroscience Exam #2 (8 decks)

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