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*Nervous System - Pathology > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

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2
Q

What types of fibres may cranial nerves contain?

A
  • SOMATIC MOTOR FIBRES (supply striated muscle; efferent)
  • VISCERAL MOTOR FIBRES (smooth muscle and glands
  • VISCERAL SENSORY (afferent; from pharynx, larynx, heart, lung, gut etc; not normally conscious)
  • GENERAL SENSORY – (afferent inputs e.g. touch, temperature, pain; from skin & mucous membranes
  • SPECIAL SENSORY (taste, smell, vision, hearing & balance)
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3
Q

Difference in structure between the different nerve fibres?

A
  • Sensory (afferent) fibres = signals from periphery to CNS; ganglion along axon
  • Somatic motor (efferent) = signals from CNS to periphery; ganglion in CNS
  • Autonomic motor (efferent) fibres = signal from CNS; signals synapse between pre and post ganglionic fibres before heading to periphery
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4
Q

Order of cranial nerves I to XII?

A

OOOTTAFVGVAH
(olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducent, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal)

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5
Q

CNI

A

Olfactory

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6
Q

Pathway of olfactory CNI?

A

Receptors in olfactory epithelium of nasal cavity, olfactory nerve fibres pass through foraminifera in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone and enter olfactory bulb in anterior cranial fossa

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7
Q

Components of olfactory CNI?

A

Special sensory = smell

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8
Q

Clinical application for olfactory CNI?

A

• Fractured cribriform plate may tear olfactory nerve fibres = anosmia

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9
Q

CNII

A

Optic

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10
Q

Pathway of optic CNII?

A

Enters via optic canal, nerves join to form optic chiasm, fibres from medial (nasal) half of each retina cross to form optic tract

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11
Q

Components of optic CNII?

A

Special sensory = vision

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12
Q

Clinical application of optic CNII?

A
  • Increased CSF pressure = papilloedema
  • Section of right optic nerve = right eye blindness
  • Section of optic chiasm = loss of peripheral vision (bitemporal hemianopsia)
  • Section of right optic tract = blindness in left temporal and right nasal fields (left homonymous hemianopsia)
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13
Q

CNIII

A

Oculomotor

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14
Q

Pathway of oculomotor CNIII?

A

Emerges from midbrain and exits via superior orbital fissure

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15
Q

Components of oculomotor CNIII?

A
  • Somatic motor - extraocular muscles (superior, medial & inferior rectus and inferior oblique) and eyelid (levator palpebrae)
  • Visceral motor - parasympathetic to pupil causing constriction & to ciliary muscle causing accomodation of lens
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16
Q

Clinical application of oculomotor CNIII?

A
  • Drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis)
  • Eyeball abducted & pointed down
  • No pupillary reflex
  • No accomodation of the lens
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17
Q

CNIV

A

Trochlear

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18
Q

Pathway of trochlear CNIV?

A

Emerges from dorsal surface of the mid brain and exits via the superior orbital fissure; goes through pulley and innervates superior oblique

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19
Q

Components of trochelar CNIV?

A

Somatic motor - extraocular muscle (superior oblique turns eye downwards)

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20
Q

Clinical application of trochlear CNIV?

A

Diplopia (double vision) when looking down

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21
Q

CNVI

A

Abducent

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22
Q

Pathway of abducent CNVI?

A

Emerges between pons and medulla and exits via the superior orbital fissure

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23
Q

Components of abducent CNVI?

A

Somatic motor - extraocular muscle (lateral rectus)

24
Q

Clinical application of abducent CNVI?

A

Medial deviation of the affected eye causing diplopia

25
Q

CNV

A

Trigeminal:
- CNV1 = opthalmic
- CNV2 = maxillary
CNV3 = mandibular

26
Q

Pathway of opthalmic CNV1?

A

Emerges from pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via the superior orbital fissure

27
Q

Components of opthalmic CNV1?

A

General sensory = from cornea, forehead, scalp, eyelids, nose & mucosa of nasal cavity and sinuses

28
Q

Pathway of maxillary CNV2?

A

Emerges from the pons, travels through the trigeminal ganglion and exits via foramen rotundum

29
Q

Components of maxillary CNV2?

A

General sensory - from face over maxilla, maxillary teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of nose, maxillary sinuses and palate

30
Q

Pathway of mandibular CNV3?

A

Emerges from pons, travels through trigeminal ganglion and exits via the foramen ovale

31
Q

Components of mandibular CNV3?

A
  • General sensory - from face over mandible, mandibular teeth, temporomandibular joint, mucosa of mouth & anterior 2/3rds of tongue
  • Somatic motor - muscles of mastication, part of digastric, tensor veli palatinin & tensor tympani
32
Q

Clinical application of trigeminal CNV?

A
  • Paralysis of muscle of mastication
  • Loss of corneal or sneezing reflex
  • Loss of sensation in the face
  • Trigeminal neuralgia
33
Q

CNVII

A

Facial

34
Q

Pathway of facial CNVII?

A

Emerges between pons and medulla and exits via internal acoustic meatus, facial canal and stylomastoid foramen

35
Q

Components of facial CNVII?

A
  • Somatic motor - muscles of facial expression & scalp, stapedius of middle ear, part of digastric muscle
  • Visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation of submandibular & sublingual salivary glands, lacrimal glands of nose and palate
  • Special sensory - taste from anterior 2/3rds of tongue & soft palate
    General sensory - from external acoustic meatus
36
Q

Clinical application of facial CNVII?

A
  • Long pathway to bone so most frequently injured
  • Bell’s palsy (cannot frown, close eyelid or bare teeth)
  • Main motor nerve of face; trigeminal is main sensory
37
Q

CNVIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

38
Q

Pathway of vestibulocochlear CNVIII?

A

Emerges from between pons and medulla and exits via internal acoustic meatus, dividing into vestibular & cochlear meatus

39
Q

Components of vestibulocochlear CNVIII?

A
  • Special sensory - vestibular sensation from semi-circular ducts, utricle, saccule gives sense of position & movement
  • Hearing from Organ of Corti
40
Q

Clinical application of vestibulocochlear CNVIII?

A
  • Tinnitus
  • Deafness
  • Vertigo
  • Nystagmus
41
Q

CNIX

A

Glossopharyngeal

42
Q

Pathway of glossopharyngeal CNIX?

A

Emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen

43
Q

Components of glossopharyngeal CNIX?

A
  • Special sensory - taste from posterior 3rd of tongue
  • General sensory - cutaneous sensations from middle ear & posterior oral cavity
  • Visceral sensory - sensation from carotid body & carotid sinus
  • Visceral motor - parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland
  • Somatic motor - to stylopharyngeus, helps with swallowing
44
Q

Clinical application of glossopharyngeal CNIX?

A
  • Loss of gag reflex and taste from pack of tongue

- Associated with injuries to CNX and CNXI = jugular foramen syndrome

45
Q

CNX

A

Vagus

46
Q

Pathway of vagus CNX?

A

Emerges from medulla and exits via jugular foramen, then goes everywhere

47
Q

Components of vagus CNX?

A
  • Special sensory – taste from epiglottis and palate
  • General sensory – sensation from auricle, external acoustic meatus
  • Visceral sensory – from pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, heart, oesophagus, stomach, intestine
  • Visceral motor – parasympathetic innervation muscle in bronchi, gut, heart
  • Somatic motor – to pharynx, larynx, palate & oesophagus
48
Q

Clinical application of vagus CNX?

A
  • Damage to pharyngeal branches = difficulty swallowing

- Damage to laryngeal branches = difficulty speaking

49
Q

CNXI

A

Accessory

50
Q

Pathway of accessory CNXI?

A

Small cranial (medulla) and large spinal roots exit via jugular foramen

51
Q

Components of accessory CNXI?

A

Somatic motor – striated muscle of soft palate, pharynx & larynx, and to sternocleidomastoid & trapezius

52
Q

Clinical application of accessory CNXI?

A

Weakness in turning head and shrugging shoulder

53
Q

CNXII

A

Hypoglossal

54
Q

Pathway of hypoglossal CNXII?

A

Emerges from medulla and exits through the hypoglossal canal

55
Q

Components of hypoglossal CNXII?

A

Somatic motor - to muscles of tongue

56
Q

Clinical application of hypoglossal CNXII?

A
  • Vulnerable to damage during tonsillectomy

- Causes paralysis & atrophy of ipsilateral half of tongue; tip deviates to affected side

*Nervous System - Pathology (13 decks)

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