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OCCTH 583 > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Where are cell bodies for cranial nerves housed?

A

-Within the CNS

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1
Q

What system are Cranial Nerves part of?

A

PNS
-Cranial nerves leave the skull to innervate systems outside of bony structures of the skull

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2
Q

Where are spinal nerve cell bodies located?

A

CNS

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3
Q

How many Cranial Nerves are there?

A

12

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4
Q

What are the MAIN functions of the Cranial Nerves?

A

Serve function largely for head and neck (some descend into torso)

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5
Q

How are the Cranial Nerves labelled?

A

1-12 based upon coronal to caudal/head to tail/front to back

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6
Q

In injury, you see symptomology and clusters of symptoms based on…

A

absence or presence of cranial nerve function

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7
Q

Optic Nerve II

A

Nerve transmitting sensory information from eyes to visual cortex at back of head

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8
Q

Path of transmission from RIGHT eye to visual cortex?

A
  1. Light hits eye through pupil into retina
  2. Light comes from left visual field, hits right half of the retina in BOTH eyes
  3. At retina we sort the information
  4. Light travels through the right optic nerve in the right eye
  5. Light travels through the right optic tract
  6. Light reaches right visual cortex
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9
Q

Path of transmission from LEFT eye to visual cortex?

A
  1. Light hits eye through pupil into retina
  2. Light comes from left visual field, hits right half of the retina in BOTH eyes
  3. At retina we sort the information
  4. Light travels through the left optic nerve in the right eye
  5. Light crosses the midline of the brain at the optic chasm to cross over
  6. Light travels in the right optic tract
  7. Light is delivered to Right side visual cortex
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10
Q

What is Visual Field?

A

-The source of light; not the anatomical structure of the eye
-Functional need

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11
Q

Light travels in ___ lines

A

straight

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12
Q

True or false: Our brains deal with opposite sides of the body

A

True
-Right hand controlled by left brain, vice versa
-Crossing of symptoms is persistent in most neural structures including vision

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13
Q

Information from our eyes go to ___ visual cortex

A

Contralateral (opposite)

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14
Q

Where does crossing of information in the visual pathway occur?

A

The Optic Chiasm

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15
Q

How can we piece together where a visual deficit may occur?

A

I.e. if I cover the right eye, I am blind in the right eye and all information is lost. The same would happen if I severed the right optic nerve.
-If you lose visual regard in one field (left) and can’t see anything to the left of your nose, you may have damaged the optic tract; but you still have visual regard to the other side of the body
-Both eyes are receiving information, just from one half of the body

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16
Q

What are the 3 nerves involved with motor function of the eye?

A

-Oculomotor Nerve III
-Trochlear Nerve IV
-Abducens Nerve VI

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17
Q

Oculomotor Nerve III

A

-Moves eye up/down, medial
-Raises upper eyelid
-Constricts pupil

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18
Q

How can you identify oculomotor nerve III deficit?

A

-If the pupils don’t constrict when a light is shown
-Can’t turn eyes inward
-Can’t raise upper eyelid

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19
Q

Trochlear Nerve IV

A

-Moves eye medially and downward (toward nose)

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20
Q

Abducens Nerve VI

A

-Abducts eye (outward rotation of eye)

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21
Q

Which two nerves serve the face?

A

-Trigeminal nerve V
-Facial nerve VII

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22
Q

Trigeminal Nerve V is broken into what divisions?

A

3 divisions:
-Opthalmic
-Maxillary
-Mandibular

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23
Q

Trigeminal Nerve V

A

-Largely a Sensory nerve to most of the face/head
-Taste portion of tongue
-Somatosensation front 2/3 of tongue
-Ability to sense what we are touching with our tongue
-We can understand where the bolus is located in mouth, texture, to appropriately swallow

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24
Q

What is the motor root of the Trigeminal Nerve V involved with?

A

Muscles of mastication (chewing)

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25
Q

Trigeminal Nerve V relation to Chorda Tympani

A

-When we get inflammatory response in ear from infection, we get symptomology associated with facial and trigeminal nerve as this is near where the inflammation is happening

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26
Q

Facial Nerve VII

A

-Largely Motor Nerve
-Serves function of facial expression, muscles of facial expression

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27
Q

What is the function of the Parasympathetic motor portion of Facial Nerve VII?

A

-Deals with some parasympathetic glands
-Controls things like saliva, tears, etc

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28
Q

What is the function of the special sensory (chords tympani) portion of Facial Nerve VII?

A

-Taste to front 2/3 of tongue
-Important for what we eat and swallow so it isn’t nauseating

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29
Q

What is the function of the Somatic Sensory portion of Facial Nerve VII?

A

Inner ear canal sensory
-tactile sensory information form inner ear canal (i.e. wiggling tip in ear)

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30
Q

What is Bell’s palsy?

A

A disorder related to the facial nerve

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31
Q

What do you see with Bell’s palsy?

A

-Smoothing of forehead
-Inability to close eyelid
-Drooping of mouth corner
-Paralysis in one side of face

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32
Q

Stroke vs. Bell’s palsy

A

-Stroke would see more lower face affected thanupper
-Stroke would not have tests deficits/involvement
-No gland involvement in stroke
-Sensory involvement specific to facial nerve interaction
-Stroke is CNS, Bell’s palsy is PNS
-Flaccid paralysis in muscle for Bell’s palsy. spastic paralysis for Stroke

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33
Q

Effects of Bell’s palsy?

A

Motor adaptations occur and can lead to being more dominant on one side of the face for motor control

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34
Q

Ramsay Hunt Disease

A

-“Chicken Pox” rash in inner ear
-Re-emergence of virus from previous life
-More persistent deficits
-Virus damages the neurons

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35
Q

Which Cranial Nerves serve the tongue?

A

-Trigeminal Nerve V
-Facial nerve VII
-Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
-Hypoglossal Nerve XII

-They are clustered because they play a role in function of the tongue, feeding and tasting!

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36
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX

A

-Taste and somatosensation from back 1/3 of tongue

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37
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve XII

A

-Muscles of the tongue/movement
-motor control of the tongue

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38
Q

Olfactory Nerve I (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Special Sensory
-Olfactory Epithelium (nasal cavity)
-Smell

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39
Q

Optic Nerve II (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Special Sensory
-Retina
-Vision

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40
Q

Oculomotor Nerve III: Somatic Motor (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Extraocular muscles (4), levator palpebrae
-Move eyeball, open eyelid

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41
Q

Oculomotor Nerve III: Parasympathetic (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Pupillary Constrictor muscle and ciliary muscle
-Constrict pupil, accomodate lens

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42
Q

Trochlear Nerve IV (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Somatic motor
-Extraocular muscle (superior oblique)
-Move eyeball

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43
Q

Trigeminal Nerve V: Somatic Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Face, scalp, teeth, lips, front of tongue
-Somatosensation from face and head

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44
Q

Trigeminal Nerve V: Somatic Motor (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Muscles of mastication
-Move jaw

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45
Q

Abducens nerve VI (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Somatic motor
-Extraocular muscle (lateral rectus)
-Move eyeball

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46
Q

Facial nerve VII: Somatic Motor (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Facial muscles, stylohyoid part of figastric and stapedius muscles
-facial expression, swallowing, hearing

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47
Q

Facial nerve VII: Special Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Front 2/3 of tongue
-Taste

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48
Q

Facial nerve VII: Parasympathetic (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Salivary, lacrimal nasal glands
-Salivation, tears

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49
Q

Facial nerve VII: Somatic Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-External ear canal
-Somatosensation from ear canal

50
Q

Auditory-Vestibular (Vestibulocochlear) nerve VIII (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Special sensory
-cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle and saccule or inner ear
-Hearing, Vestibular sensation

51
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX: Special Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Back 1/3 of tongue
-Taste

52
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX: Parasympathetic (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Parotid Gland
-Salivation

53
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX: Somatic Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Pharynx, palate, back 1/3 of tongue, carotid sinus/body, middle/external ear
-Somatosensation, BP, Blood O2

54
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX: Somatic Motor (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Stylopharyngeus muscle
-Swallowing (assist)

55
Q

Vagus Nerve X: Special Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Back of throat
-Taste

56
Q

Vagus Nerve X: Parasympathetic (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Viscera or thorax and abdomen
-HR, bronchi constriction, digestion

57
Q

Vagus Nerve X: Somatic Sensory (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Larynx, dura mater, ear, thoracic and abdominal viscera
-Somatosensation

58
Q

Vagus Nerve X: Somatic Motor (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Muscles of pharynx and larynx
-Swallowing, vocalizing

59
Q

Spinal Accessory Nerve XI (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Somatic motor
-SCM, trapezius
-Movement of head, neck, shoulder

60
Q

Hypoglossal Nerve XII (Components, Structures Innervated, Function)

A

-Somatic Motor
-Muscles of tongue
-Tongue movement

61
Q

Spinal Cord

A

-organized into “segments”
-runs from base of skull to above tailbone (shorter than vertebral column)
-Gives rise to spinal nerves (PNS)

62
Q

Where does the Spinal cord run to, and why?

A

About L2
-The SC stops growing/elongating before your long bones do
-Spinal column continues growing with bones to support leverage structure of legs and arms

63
Q

Cauda Equina is part of what system?

A

PNS

64
Q

What are the segments in the SC based on?

A

Where the spinal nerve exits the vertebral column

65
Q

Spinal nerves in Cervical Region

A

-Pass through cervical Segments of the vertebral columns

66
Q

Spinal nerves in Lumbar Region

A

-Pass through Lumbar Segments of the vertebral columns
-L1 to L5 spinal nerves come out and nerves arise through the part of the cord known as the lumbar segment

67
Q

Where are Sacral and Coccygeal segments located?

A

-near thorax
-These spinal nerves run a fair distance within the column before exiting

68
Q

Where does the Lumbar segment locate?

A

-Sits closer to Thoracic vertebrae

69
Q

What is the clump of spinal nerves running within the vertebral column called?

A

Cauda Equina ; a peripheral nerve bundle

70
Q

True of False: all nerves run down the vertebral column, not the spinal cord though.

A

True

71
Q

Why is Cauda Equina part of PNS?

A

It is only contained within the vertebral column because of idiosyncrasy of growth stopping in one system but continuing in the other

72
Q

What are enlargements in the SC?

A

“Swelling” of segments

73
Q

Why do we have enlargements in our SC?

A

-These are where our major plexi are
-We need more tissue in our NS supporting things coming out of bodies such as our arms and legs
-We have more we need to control and receive information from, therefore more part of the SC needs to be associated with arms (cervical) and legs (lumbosacral)

74
Q

Where are the two possible enlargements in our SC?

A

-Cervical enlargement
-Lumbosacral enlargement

75
Q

Why is there 1 more Cervical segment than Cervical vertebrae?

A

-The first segment (C1) is associated with Cranial Nerve I which exists in the vertebral column above the cerebral vertebrae
-another idiosyncrasy
-8 Cervical Segments, for 7 Cervical Vertebrae

76
Q

In a cross section of the spinal cord, where is Grey and White matter located?

A

Grey Matter: Central, butterfly shape
White Matter: Peripheral

77
Q

Why do we use the term “Dorsal” rather than “Posterior”?

A

Dorsal is in relation to the body and posterior can be ambiguous

78
Q

White matter columns in SC

A

-House ascending and descending tracts
-i.e. info up to and down from brain and brain stem
-The axons of passage to and from the brain

79
Q

Dorsal Columns

A

-White Matter column
-Major sensory tract going up towards brain

80
Q

Lateral Columns

A

-White Matter column
-Involved with transmission of motor information down from the brain

81
Q

Ventral Columns

A

-White Matter column
-Involved with transmission of motor information down from the brain

82
Q

Dorsal Horn

A

-Grey Matter region
-Sensory information comes in the SC through here
-How sensory information in the periphery comes into the SC
-Recieves sensory input from dorsal roots

83
Q

What is located in Grey Matter in the SC?

A

-A collection of cell bodies and dendrites
-interneurons
-less myelinated things
-lots of cell bodies and dendrites
-where synapses are happening

84
Q

Ventral Horn

A

-Grey Matter region
-Transmits commands out to muscles to force muscles to contract
-Houses cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

85
Q

Lateral Horn

A

-Grey Matter region
-Output cells of SC that serve the ANS
-Houses cell bodies of sympathetic ANS neurons

86
Q

Where do we see distinguishable lateral horns?

A

In thoracic segments of the SC, because the thoracic segments house the SNS

87
Q

Afferent information

A

Sensory information coming INTO Spinal Cord

88
Q

Efferent Information

A

Motor information LEAVING Spinal Cord

89
Q

Afferent and Efferent terms are only used in which system?

A

Into and Out of Nervous System; NOT WITHIN NS, because there are complicated things happening within the NS

90
Q

Spinal Cord in Cross Section: Cervical Region

A

-Where we have the most white matter
-All ascending and descending information needs to pass through Cervical segment 1
-Information fans out as it goes
-You lose information of white matter as information reaches its target

91
Q

Where is the smallest region of the cord?

A

Sacral level, S3
-Smallest amount of white matter
-We are at the far end of the cord
-We don’t have lots of information needing to be transmitted at this point

92
Q

As we move up the spinal cord, what happens with white and grey matter?

A

-Information comes in from sensory systems and we layer more information up as we get closer to cephalic region
-Everything from sacral needs to get the the brain

93
Q

How does the butterfly shape of grey matter change throughout the cord?

A

-We have BIG ventral horns of grey matter in Cervical region (because of arms and arm muscle quantity)
-We have smaller ventral horns in Thoracic region because less somatic things
-We have DISTINCT Lateral Horns in Thoracic region (internal organs through controlling ANS)
-Less white matter in Lumbar Region and LOTS of grey matter/ BIG ventral horns because of leg muscles to control

94
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory Information coming INTO cord

95
Q

Ventral Root

A

Motor information going OUT of cord

96
Q

Where do the Dorsal and Ventral Root meet?

A

Dorsal root ganglion
-sensory and motor information are being transmitted within the same bundle of tissue (nerve)

97
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

A

-Specialized structure outside of the CNS
-Swollen section just as the nerve is being formed
-Houses the cell bodies for different afferent fibres

98
Q

Prolapsed Disc

A

Nerves pass through two vertebrae and vertebrae are separated by a disc to act as a cushion to have a mobile spine.
-If it breaks down over time and a bulge in the disc pushes out towards spinous processes, it can crush the spinal nerve as it exits the vertebral column

99
Q

A prolapsed disc can cause…

A

Neural damage to our spinal nerves (pinching on spinal nerve)

100
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

Inflammation that impinges on the function of spinal nerves as they pass through the vertebral column

101
Q

Spinal nerves ___ at ____ and ___ material to form ___ nerves

A

Merge, Plexuses, Swap, Peripheral

102
Q

When a spinal nerve exits a vertebral column…

A

It isn’t yet a peripheral nerve (but still part of PNS)
Information within clusters of the spinal nerves merge and fuse/trade axons to develop our peripheral nerves and produce functions and behaviours of that nerve

103
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

A

Legs have more responsibility given their size and importance

104
Q

Why is differentiating between spinal and peripheral nerves important?

A

Distinction for injuries

105
Q

Peripheral nerve territories represent ______ dermatome

A

More than one.
Peripheral nerves are made up of multiple dermatomes

106
Q

A loss of dermatome indicates what?

A

CNS injury

107
Q

Loss of peripheral nerve territory indicates?

A

Peripheral nerve injury

108
Q

Main blood supply to the brain

A

Carotid arteries
-In the front

109
Q

What arteries come up the back through vertebrae?

A

Vertebral arteries

110
Q

Communicating Arteries

A

-Come off carotid arteries
-Make connections so we have a continuous blood supply loop

111
Q

Circle of Willis

A

-Unique to the brain
-Preserves blood supply to the brain should one side have a loss of blood supply
-Provides redundancy to the system
-A neurosensory protective mechanism
-May not provide activity

112
Q

What nerves come off of Internal Carotid Artery

A

Anterior Cerebral a.
Middle Cerebral a.
Posterior Cerebral a.

113
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery

A

Serves portion of cerebral cortex largely to front of the brain

114
Q

Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

A

-Largest artery coming off carotid
-Largest blood vessel serving the brain
-A continuation of the carotid a. functionally
-Most involved with stroke

115
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery

A

Serves cortical regions to the back of the brain

116
Q

Basilar artery

A

-Single blood vessel supplying all tissue of the brainstem and continues into the circle of willis
-Another source of blood into the circle of willis

117
Q

From lateral view, the MCA serves a large territory of…

A

The cerebral cortex

117
Q

Functions impacted by PCA impairment

A

-visual impairments (because in occipital lobe)
-motor discoordination, ataxia, etc

118
Q

Functions impacted by MCA impairment

A

Motor and sensory cortices
Hearing
Smaller branches are usually blocked so knowing anatomy helps understand where the infarct is located and therefore understand symptomology

119
Q

Motor and Sensory Homunculus anatomical distribution

A

Typically very similar

120
Q

MCA serves what region?

A

Hand, arm, face, motor cortex

121
Q

ACA serves what region?

A

Lower body, torso

OCCTH 583 (5 decks)

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