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3C week 1- intro to neuro and opthal > cranial nerves > Flashcards

cranial nerves Flashcards

1
Q

which cranial nerves carry motor function (efferent)

A

III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

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2
Q

which cranial nerves carry sensory function (afferent)

A

I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X

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3
Q

which cranial nerves carry parasymp function

A

III, VII, IX, X

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4
Q

what is CN1 and what is its function?

A

olfactory - purely sensation (smell), Enters the cranial cavity via the cribriform plate and attaches to the olfactory bulb

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5
Q

how do cranial nerves work together

A

via reflex arcs (excitation of one results in excitation of others)

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6
Q

why do cranial nerve lesions generally result in ipsilateral presentation rather than contralateral

A

they do not decussate

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7
Q

which CNs are exceptions to the ipsilateral presentation rule and why?

A

II (partially dessucates)
IV (nuclei are contralateral in the brain stem)

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8
Q

what are the 5 “special” function of the cranial nerves

A

vision, taste, hearing, vestibular, olfactory

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9
Q

what are general somatic afferents

A

fibers related to general sensations e.g. pain, touch, proprioception, temperature in muscles, tendons etc.

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10
Q

what are general visceral afferents

A

general fibers related to the visceral regions

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11
Q

what are general visceral efferents

A

preganglionic autonomic fibres

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12
Q

what are general somatic efferents

A

fibers that innervate skeletal muscle (alpha/gamma motor neurons)

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13
Q

what structures must concious sensation (afferent) pass through (3)

A

they are third order sensations - peripheral receptor -> thalamus -> cerebral cortex (perception of sensation)

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14
Q

which CN does not pass through 3 structures

A

CN I (olfactory, bypasses thalamus)

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15
Q

how many neurons do parasympathetic efferent fibres pass through?

A

2

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16
Q

where are the cell bodies of 1st order efferent neurons located (pre ganglionic)

A

brain or brainstem

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17
Q

where are cell bodies of second order efferent neurons located (post ganglionic)

A

autonomic ganglion in the periphery

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18
Q

which CNs exit at the brain stem

A

CN III-XII (with the exception of part of CN XI which has a spinal component (C1-5) nerve roots)

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19
Q

where do CN III, IV exit

A

mid brain, IV exits posteriorly and III anteriorly

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20
Q

where does CN V exit

A

pons

21
Q

where do CN VI, VII, VIII exit

A

ponto-medellury junction

22
Q

where do CN XI, X , XI, XII exit

A

mdeulla oblongata (excepet for spinal part of CN XI)

23
Q

which cranial nerves exit anteriorly

A

III, VI, XII

24
Q

which cranial nerve exits posteriorly

A

IV

25
Q

which CN exit laterally

A

V, VII-XI

26
Q

3 functions of the midbrain

A
  1. tone/sound discrimination and recognition
  2. vision/light reflex
  3. eye movement
27
Q

5 functions of the pons

A
  1. maintenance of awake states
  2. connection between cerebrum and cerebellum
  3. muscle movement of the face
  4. hearing and spatial orientation
  5. sensation from head and neck area
28
Q

3 functions of the medulla oblongata

A
  1. balance
  2. tongue movement
  3. head and neck sensation
29
Q

what are the 3 main sensory nuclei

A
  1. trigeminal nucleus (general)
  2. vistibular and cochlear (auditory and motion)
  3. nucleus solitarus (taste)
30
Q

what are the 3 main motor columns in the brainstem (and what CNs are associated)

A
  1. somatic efferent - III, IV, VI, XII;
  2. branchiomotor column - V, VII, IX, X, XI (trigeminal motor, facial, nucleus ambigius);
  3. parasympathetic column - III, VII, IX, X (edinger-westphal, salivary, motor vagus)
31
Q

what is CN II and what is its function?

A

optic - vision; Retina encodes information and projects it to the brain via the optic nerve which passes through the optic canal of skull to the optic chiasma (partial dessucation) and then projects to LGN

32
Q

what parts of the brain are associated w olfaction

A

anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus of the limbic system

33
Q

how is information relayed from the thalamus to the ociptial lobe

A

Thalamo-cortical neurons project (via optic radiations) the image to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe

34
Q

what is CN III and what is its function?

A

oculomotor - pupil dilation
Motor and Parasympathetic

Motor - Innervates all but two of the extraocular muscles of the eye and the muscle of upper eyelid;

Parasympathetic - Contracts the smooth intrinsic muscles of the pupil and accomodates the lens via the ciliary ganglion (short ciliary nerve arisesand innervates sphincter pupillae muscles); also causes contraction of cilliary muscles which result in lens contraction (aid focusing)

35
Q

where is the CNIII nucleus located

A

at the level of the superior colliculous

36
Q

how to oculomotor post ganglionic fibers cause pupillary change

A

Postganaglionic fibres pass to the sphincter pupillae (constrictor) – involved in the direct and consensual light reflex and influence the lens accomodation (focus)

37
Q

what is CN IV and what is its function?

A

trochlear - Purely motor fibres that innervates the superior oblique muscle (makes it possible to look down and out - abduction, depression, internal rotation)

38
Q

what is CN V and what is its function?

A

trigeminal - mastication and facial sensations

Main sensory for the head and motor to muscles of mastication (Innervate the principally the muscles of mastication, tensor tympani and tensor veli palatini
-> sensory fibers travel in 3 directions (Ophthalmic, Maxillary, Mandibular) while motor only travels in madibular

39
Q

what are the sensory areas that relay signals via the trigeminal nerve (6)

A
  1. Face
  2. Scalp
  3. Cornea
  4. Nasal and oral cavities
  5. Teeth and gums
  6. Cranial dura mater
40
Q

what are the 3 trigeminal sub-nuclei in the sensory brain stem

A

Chief
Mesencephalic
Spinal

41
Q

what is CN VI and what is its function?

A

abducens - eye abduction
Purely motor fibres, Innervate lateral rectus muscle (responsible for the abduction of the eyes on the ipsilateral side)

42
Q

what is CN VII and what is its function?

A

facial - facial expression, salivation, taste (anterior 2/3 protions), facial sensation

sensory, motor and parasympathetic components

sensory: Special sensory fibres supply taste to ant 2/3 of tongue and cutaneous sensation from external ear; Afferent facial nerve fibres carrying general sensation end in the trigeminal sensory nucleus

motor: Motor fibres are distributed to muscles of facial expression and stapedius - leaves the skull via the stylomastoid foramen

sympathetic:
Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres originate in superior salivatory nucleus - lacrimal, submandibular, lingual glands and nasal and oral mucosa

43
Q

what is CN VIII and what is its function?

A

Vestibulocochlear- Purely Sensory nerve with 2 components:
1. Vestibular nerve carries information regarding position and movement of head;
2. Cochlear nerve carries auditory information;

44
Q

what are the 5 extracranial branches of CN VII

A

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, and cervical- innervate the muscles in charge of facial expression

45
Q

what is CN IX and what is its function?

A

glossopharengeal - swallow (minor component), taste (posterior 1/3), middle tube and eustacian tube sensation

Sensory with preganglionic parasympathetic and a few
motor fibres

Afferent fibres:
1. General sensation –
oropharynx posterior 1/3 tongue, middle ear, carotid body, Eustachian tube
2. Chemoreceptors ( from the carotid bodies -help regulate respiration by monitoring the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood) and baroreceptors (from the carotid sinus)
3. gag reflex (via nucleus ambiguus and hypoglossal)
4. Special sensory - taste from post 1/3 of tongue

motor: arises from nucleus ambiguous - innervates one muscle – stylopharyngeus (elevates the larynx)

parasympathetic: preganglionic fibres originate in inferior salivatory nucleus and innervate parotid

46
Q

what is CN X and what is its function?

A

vagus - sensory, motor and parasympathetic fibres:

sensory -
1. Afferent fibres convey information from:
General sensation from pharynx, larynx, oesophagus, tympanic membrane, external auditory meatus
2. Chemoreceptors and baroreceptors - aorta
3. visceral afferents

motor -
Innervates muscles of soft palate, pharynx, larynx and upper oesophagus
Nucleus ambiguous important for speech and along with glossopharyngeal swallowing

parasympathetic - originate from dorsal motor nucleus of vagus which are distributed to CVS, respiratory and GIT systems for parasympathetic innervation

47
Q

what is CN XI and what is its function?

A

(spinal) accessory - head movement

Spinal and Cranial root components

Spinal - Arise from anterior horn of spinal cord C1 -5 but leaves via rootlets from the medulla
- Innervates sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Cranial - Fibres distribute with vagus nerve fibres

48
Q

what is CN XII and what is its function?

A

hyperglossal - tongue movement
Purely motor, Innervates intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue; allows for reflex movements like Chewing, sucking and swallowing; also aids in speech

3C week 1- intro to neuro and opthal (6 decks)

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