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PDX 2 > Cranial nerve testing > Flashcards

Cranial nerve testing Flashcards

1
Q

Anosmia

A

Complete loss of smell

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2
Q

When is anosmia concerning?

A

New onset, unilateral (suggests intracranial mass)

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3
Q

What are causes of bilateral anosmia?

A

Chronic rhinitis

Fracture of cribriform plate

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4
Q

Dysosmia/parosmia

A

Difficulty identifying odours

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5
Q

Phantosmia

A

Hallucination of an odour when none is present

Implies problem in the olfactory cortex

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6
Q

What is optic nerve responsible for?

A

Vision and sensory portion of pupil constriction

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7
Q

What are the 3 tests used to assess function of the optic nerve?

A

Assess visual acuity
Test peripheral vision
Check pupillary light reflex

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8
Q

Where does light refraction occur?

A

Via cornea and lens

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9
Q

There are no rods or cones at the optic nerve entry point. What is this point called?

A

Physiologic blind spot

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10
Q

At birth, what is the distance at which babies can have visual fixation?

A

8-10 inches

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11
Q

What is visual acuity at birth?

A

20/400

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12
Q

What is visual acuity at 6-12 mo?

A

20/50

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13
Q

At what age are babies able to track objects smoothly and symmetrically?

A

3-4 months

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14
Q

When is the lens able to change shape and focus on distant or near objects?

A

6 months

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15
Q

T/F: optic nerves and tracts are myelinating at the same time as the visual cortex is increasing in density

A

True!

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16
Q

T/F binocular use of visual pathways is activity driven and should be learned early in life

A

True!

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17
Q

T/F myelination ends in the central visual pathways at 6-12 months

A

False- happens until 4 years old

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18
Q

/F development of the visual cortex continues until you are 20

A

False- continues through first decade (10 years old)

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19
Q

When should we start visual screening for kiddos?

A

3 years old

20
Q

T/F we use a Snellen chart to test visual acuity in kids

A

False- Allen eye chart

21
Q

What is a good visual acuity for kids 3-5 years old?

A

20/40 or better

22
Q

What is good visual acuity for kids 5+ years old?

A

20/32 or better

23
Q

Amblyopia

A

Lazy eye
Unilateral
Leading cause of monocular vision loss
Ocular structures are normal

24
Q

If a kid has anisometropia, what are they at an increased risk of getting?

A

Amblyopia

The dominant eye will take over and the less dominant eye will become lazy

25
Q

What is anisometropia?

A

Unequal refractive power between the two eyes

26
Q

Treatment for preventing amblyopia in a kid thwt has anisometropia?

A

Corrective lenses

27
Q

What is tropia?

A

Eye deviation and poses a risk for amblyopia, especially if it constantly occurs

28
Q

Where is the image created in myopia?

A

In front of the retina

29
Q

Is the refractive power too great or too little in the lens with myopia?

A

To great

30
Q

Is the refractive power too little or too great with hyperopia?

A

Too little

31
Q

Where does the image come into focus in hyperopia?

A

Behind the retina

32
Q

In axial myopia, what is the shape of the eyeball?

A

Longer than average, increasing risk foe degenerative changes

33
Q

Axial hyperopia shape of eyeball?

A

Shorter than average

34
Q

Define astigmatism

A

Abnormally shaped cornea causing unequal refraction in different meridians of the eye

35
Q

What occurs with age?
A) myopia
B) presbyopia
C) hyperopia

A

B) presbyopia

36
Q

Which aspect of the visual field is greatest?

A

Temporal

37
Q

What constitutes legal blindness?

A

Total diameter of vision loss is less than or equal to 20 degrees in the BETTER eye

38
Q

Which side of the brain are right visual field images processed?

A

Left side of the brain

39
Q

What is a scotoma?

A

An area of depressed vision surrounded by normal vision

40
Q

What is a scintillating scotoma and what is it a prodrome for?

A

Partial alteration in the visual fields that is a common prodrome to classic migraines (Migraines with Aura)

41
Q

What would cause hemianopsia bilaterally?

A

Pituitary tumour damaging the optic chiasm

42
Q

What would cause left homonymous hemianopsia?

A

Right optic tract defect

Or complete Right optic radiation defect

43
Q

What would cause homonymous right superior quadrantic defect?

A

Partial left optic radiation lesion

44
Q

What would cause COMPLETE right eye blindness?

A

Lesion of the optic nerve

45
Q

Does crainial nerve 3 generate an afferent impulse or an efferent response?

A

Efferent response bilaterally!

46
Q

T/F

A patient should have both a direct and consensual response as part of the normal pupillary light reflex

A

True

47
Q

What kind of scents do we use to test OLFACTORY nerve?

A

Familiar, mild scents - not noxious smells

PDX 2 (5 decks)

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