Cram Sheet Flashcards
When answering questions on the Nclex what words should you avoid? (MEANO)
Avoid answers with absolutes such as:
Must Every, Except Always, All Never, None, No Only
What are the vital sign norms for: Heart Rate Resp Rate Blood Pressure Temperature
Heart Rate: 80-100
Resp Rate: 12-20
Blood Pressure: 110-120/60 mmHg
Temperature: 37c (98.6F)
What are the hematology values for: RBC's WBC's Platelets Hemoglobin Hematocrit
RBC’s: 4.5-5.0 million
WBC’s: 5000-10000
Platelets: 200,000-400,000
Hemoglobin (Hgb): 12-16 gm (female) , 14-18gm (male)
Hematocrit (Hct): 37-47 (female); 40-54 (male)
What are the serum electrolyte values for: Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Phosphorus
Sodium: 135-145 mEq/L Potassium: 3.5-5.5 mEq/L Calcium: 8.5-10.9 mEq/L Chloride: 95-105 mEq/L Magnesium: 1.5-2.5 mEq/L Phosphorus: 2.5-4.5 mEq/L
What are the ABG values for: pH HCO3 CO2 PaO2 SaO2
pH: 7.36-7.45 HCO3: 24-26 mEq/L CO2: 35-45 mEq/L PaO2: 80%-100% SaO2: > 95%
What are the key thing to remember for Acid-Base Balance?
Remember ROME!
Respiratory Opposite
Metabolic Equal
Remember that in respiratory acid base disorders the pH is opposite to the other components.
What are the Chemistry values for: Glucose Specific Gravity BUN Serum Creatinine LDH Protein Albumin Bilirubin Total Cholesterol Triglyceride Uric Acid CPK
Glucose: 70-110mg/dL Specific Gravity: 1.010-1.030 BUN: 7-22 mg/dL Serum Creatinine: 0.6 -1.35 mg/dL LDH: 100-190 U/L Protein: 6.2-8.1 g/dL Albumin: 3.4-5.0 g/dL Bilirubin: < 1.0 mg/dL Total Cholesterol: 130-200 mg/dL Triglyceride: 40-50 mg/dL Uric Acid: 3.5-7.5 mg/dL CPK:21-232 U/L
What are the Therapeutic Drug Levels for:
Carbamezpine (Tegretol) Digoxin (Lanoxin) Gentamycin (Garamycin) Lithium (Eskalith) Phenobarbital (Solfoton) Phenytoin (Dilantin) Theophylline (Tobrex) Valporic Acid (Depakene) Vancomycin (vancocin)
Carbamezpine (Tegretol): 4-10 mcg/ml Digoxin (Lanoxin): 0.8-2.0 ng/ml Gentamycin (Garamycin): 5-10 mcg/ml Lithium (Eskalith): 0.8-1.5 mEq/L Phenobarbital (Solfoton): 15-40 mcg/mL Phenytoin (Dilantin): 10-20 mcg/dL Theophylline (Tobrex): 10-20 mcg/dL Tobramycin (Tobrex): 5-10 mcg/mL (peak) 0.5-2.0 mcg/mL (Valley) Valporic Acid (Depakene): 50-100 mcg/ml Vancomycin (vancocin): 20-40 mcg/ml (peak), 5 to 15 mcg/ml (trough).
Conversions: 1 teaspoon (t) =? 1 tablespoon (T) =? 1 oz=? 1 cup=? 1 quart=? 1 pint=? 1 grain (gr)=? 1 gram (g)=? 1 Kilogram=? 1 lb = ? Convert C to F=? Convert F to C=?
1 teaspoon (t) = 5ml 1 tablespoon (T) = 3t = 15ml 1 oz = 30ml 1 cup = 8 oz 1 quart = 2 pints 1 pint = 2 cups 1 grain (gr) = 60 mg 1 gram (g = 1000mg 1 Kilogram= 2.2 lbs 1 lb = 16 oz C+40 multiply by 9/5 and subtract 40 F+40 multiple by 5/9 and subtract 40
What are the Maternal Normal values for the following? Fetal Heart Rate Variability Amniotic fluid Contractions APGAR scoring: AVA:
Fetal Heart Rate: 120-160 bpm
Variability: 6-10 bpm
Amniotic fluid: 500-1200ml
Contractions: 2-5 min apart with duration of < 90 seconds
APGAR scoring: Appearance, Pulses, Grimace, Activity, Reflex irritability. Done at 1-5 min with a score of zero for absent, 1 for decreased, and 2 for strongly positive. Scores 7 and above are generally normal, 4-6 fairly low, and 3 and below are critically low.
AVA: The umbilical cord has two arteries and one vein.
What steps does the nurse take when you must STOP -Treatment for maternal hypotension after an epidural anesthesia
Stop infusion of Pitocin
Turn Pt. on left side
Administer Oxygen
If hypovolemia is present push IV fluids
List the Pregnancy Category of Drugs
Category A: No risk in controlled human studies.
Category B: No risk in other studies. i.e. Amoxicillian, Cefotaxime.
Category C: Risk not ruled out i.e. Rifampicin ( Rifampin) Thephyline.
Category D: Positive evidence of risk. i.e Phenytoin, Tetracycline.
Category X: Contradicted in pregnancy. i.e. isotretinoin (Accutane). Thalidomide (immunoprin). etc.
Pregnancy Category N - Not yet classified.
List the various drug schedules
Schedule I - no currently accepted medical use and for research use only i.e herion, LSD, MDMA
Schedule II - drugs with high potential for abuse and requires written prescription i.e. ritalin, hydromorphone (dilaudid), meperidine (demerol) and fentanyl.
Schedule III- Requires new prescription after six months of five refills. i.e. codeine, testosterone, ketamine.
Schedule IV- Requires new prescription after six months i.e. Darvon, Xanax, Soma, and Valium.
Schedule V- dispensed like any other prescription or without prescription i.e. cough preparations, Lomotil, Motofen.
List all 15 Medication Classifications
Antacids- reduces hydrochloric acid in stomach.
Antianemics- increases blood cell production
Anticholinergics-decreases oral secreations
Anticoagulants- prevents clot formation
Anticonvulsants- used for management of seizures and bipolar disorders.
Antidiarrheals-decrease gastric motility and reduce water in the bowel.
Antihistamines-block the release of histimine.
Antihypertensives- lower blood pressure and decrease blood flow.
Anti-infectives-used for the treatment of infection.
Bronchodilators-dilates large air passage is asthma or lung diseases i.e. COPD
Diuretics- decreases water/sodium from the loop of henle.
Laxatives- promotes the passage of stool.
Miotics- constricts the pupils.
Mydriatics - dilates the pupils
Narcotics/analgesics- relieves moderate to severe pain.
What are the Rules of Nines for calculating Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) for burns.
Head 9% Arms 18% ( 9 each) Back 18% Legs 36% (18% each) Genitals 1%
Medications
Digoxin ( Lanoxin)- Assess pulses for a full minute, if less than 60 BPM hold dose. Check digitalis and potassium levels.
Aluminum Hydroxide (Amphojel)- treatment of GERD and kidney stones. WOF constipation.
Hydroxyzine (vistrail) - treatment of anxiety and itching. WOF dry mouth.
Midazolam (versed)- given for conscious sedation. WOF respiratory depression and hypotension.
Amiodarene (Cordarone) -WOF diaphoresis, dyspena, lethargy,. Take missed dose anytime in the day of to skip it entirely. Do no take double dose.
Warfarin (Coumadin) - WOF for signs of bleeding, diarreah, fever, or rash. Stress importance of complying with prescribed dosage and follow-up appts.
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)- Treatment of ADHD. Assess for heart related side-effects and reported immediately Child may need drug holiday because the drug stunts grow.
Dopamine-Tx of hypertension, shock, and low cardiac output. Monitor ECG for arrhythmia’s and blood pressure.
Rifampicin- causes red-orange tears and urine.
Ethambutol-causes problems with vision and liver.
Isoniazid- can cause peripheral neuritis, take vitimin B6 to counter.
List the following developmental milestones: 2-3 mths 4-5 mths 6-7 mths 8-9 mths 10-11 mths 12-13 mths
2-3 mths: able to turn head up, and side to side and to sound. Makes cooing or gurgling noises.
4-5 mths: grasps, switch and roll over on tummy to back. can babble and mimic sounds.
6-7 mths: sits at 6 mths and waves bye. Can recognize familiar faces and knows if someone is a stranger. Passes things back and forth b/w hands.
8-9 mths: stands straight at 8 mths, has favorite toy, plays peek-a-boo.
10-11 mths: belly to butt
12-13 mths: 12> drinks from a cup. Cries when parents leave, uses furniture to cruise.
Cultural Considerations: African Americans
May believe that illness is caused by supernatural causes and seek advice and remedies from faith healers; family oriented; have higher incidence of HBP, obesity and lactose intolerance.
Cultural Considerations: Arab Americans
May remain silent re: health probs, such as, STI’s, substance abuse, and mental illness; a devout muslim may interpret illness as a will of Allah, a teat of faith; may rely on ritual cures or alternative therapies before seeking help from health care provider; after death, the family may want to prepare the body by washing and wrapping the body in unsewn white cloth, postmortem examinations are discouraged unless required by law. May avoid pork and alcohol if muslim islamic pt. observe month long fast of Ramadan ( mid Oct). Ppl suffering from chronic illnesses, pregnant women breastfeeding of menstruating don’t fast. females avoid eye contact with males; use same sex family members as interpreters.
Cultural Considerations: Asian Americans
May value ability to endure pain and grief with silent stoicism; typically family oriented, extended family should be involved in care of dying pt., believes in “ hot-cold” yin/yang often involved; sodium intake is generally high because of salted and dried foods. May believe prolonged eye contact is rude and an invasion of privacy; may not without necessarily understanding; may prefer to maintain a comfortable physical distance b/w the pt. and HCP.
Cultural Considerations: Latino Americans
May view illness as a sign of weakness, punishment for evil doing; may consult with a curandero or voodoo priest; family members are typically involved in all aspects of decision making such as terminal illness; may see no reasons to submit to mammograms or vaccines.Cultural Considerations:
Cultural Considerations: Native Americans
May turn to a medicine man to determine the true cause of an illness; may values the ability to endure pain or grief with silent stoicism; diet may be deficient in vit. D and calcium because many suffer from lactose intolerance or don’t drink milk; obesity and diabetes are major health concerns; may divert eyes to the floor when praying or paying attention.
Cultural Considerations: Western Culture
May value technology almost exclusively in the struggle to conquer diseases; health is understood to be the absence, minimization, or control of disease process; eating utensils usually consists of a knife, fork and spoon; three meals a day is typical.
Common Diets: Acute Renal Disease
Protein restricted, high calorie, fluid-controlled, sodium and potassium controlled.
