CPTP3.17 Pharmacology Of Antimicrobial 3 Flashcards
Name 4 classes of antimalaria drugs
Quinolines
Antimetabolites
Antibiotics
Artemisinin
Name 4 drugs of the quinoline class
Quinine
Chloroquinine
Mefloquine
Primaquin
What class of antimalarial is malarone?
Malarone is AKA proguanil
DHFR inhibitor.
Mechanism of action of quinines and the parasite life cycle stage
Taken up by cell as lysosome, binds to haemin, prevents neutralising reaction - accumulation of super oxide anions wshich kill the parasite.
Blood shizont and gametozoite phase
Which phase of the parasite do chloroquinines work on?
Erythrocytic phase, blocks blood shizonts and kills gametozoites
Side effects of quinines
“Cinchonism” = hearing deficits/ringing/headaches.
Heart effects
What precautions should be taken before taking quinines?
Do ECG to assess heart function
Interacts with digitalis and warfarin.
What other drug adds toxicity to quinine if taken together?
Mefloquine
Side effects of chloroquinine
Pruiritis in dark skinned asians
Dizziness
Lowers BP -> dizziness
What drugs can be given with chloroquinines to counteract the side effects?
Diazepam and adrenaline
What stages does mefloquine work on?
Blood shizont and gametozoite phase.
Side effects of mefloquine?
Vivid dreams
Worsening of mental illnessess.
What allows weekly dosing of mefloquine?
Long half life
What is lumefantrin often given with?
Arteisin combination therapy
Artesunate + lumefantrine = riamet
Mechanism of lumefantrin
Inhibits parasite mitochondria, works on exoerythrocytic shizont, hypnozoites and gametozoites.
How does artemisinin work?
Breaks peroxide bridge, create free radicals in parasites
Which drug is able to target all stages of the parasite life cycle?
Atovaquone
Treatment for nematodes?
Ivermectin + albendazole
Treatment for platyhelminths
Prazequantal and/or albendazole
Mechanism of action of -azoles
Prevent formation of ergosterol in fungal membrane, disrupting structure
Mechanism of action of amphotericin and nystatin?
Binds ergosterol, form pores that cause leakage of electrolytes
Treatment for gardiasis?
Metronidazole or similar
Treatment for entamoeba histolytica?
Nitroimidazole and the like
Treatment for trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis
Pentamidine
Treatment for ancylostoma duodenale?
Albendazole
What can ivermectin be used on?
Onchocerciasis Strongyloidiasis Ascariasis Filariasis Scabies
What parasites are considered filiaris
Loa loa
Onchocerca volvulus
Treatment for schistosomiasis?
Parziquantal
What kind of worm is taenia solium?
Flat worm
Treatment for Taenia infestation?
Praziquantal and albendazole
