CPR Module (SGU) - Urinary System and Development 2: Imaging and Clinical Anatomy of Urinary System

Question 1

What are some landmarks or things you can find on an abdominal x-ray?

Answer 1

• bowel gas pattern
• pelvic bones
• soft tissue structures
• rib 12
• vertebrae

Question 2

What is a pyelogram? What’s the difference between anterograde and retrograde? What do you look for mainly on a pyelogram?

Answer 2

Introduction of a contrast agent into the urinary system for better visualization on XR. 
Anterograde: through vasculature
Retrograde: through the urethra
Look for:
1) luminal narrowing
2) pathway variations
3) duplication
4) masses

Question 3

What are some complications of a kidney stone?

Answer 3

1) hematuria
2) hydronephrosis
3) infection
4) urinary obstruction
5) renal failure

Question 4

Where do the ureters pass the pass the iliac vessels? What crosses in front of the ureters?

Answer 4

1) pelvic brim

2) gonadal vessels

Question 5

What is the arterial supply of the ureters?

Answer 5

1. renal arteries
2. abdominal aorta and gonadal arteries
3. iliac arteries

Question 6

What are the three most common ureteral constrictions?

Answer 6

1. UPJ
2. pelvic brim
3. UVJ

Question 7

What type of distribution is caused by kidney and ureteral pain?

Answer 7

“loin to groin”

T11-L2

Question 8

Which artery travels over the left renal vein?

Answer 8

superior mesenteric artery

Question 9

In autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, when does renal failure usually occur?

Answer 9

in adulthood

Question 10

The cysts in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease occur where?

Answer 10

collecting ducts

Question 11

What kind of condition can a perinephric abscess lead to? Why?

Answer 11

hydronephrosis, due to obstruction of the collecting system

Question 12

Where is an ectopic kidney usually found?

Answer 12

pelvis

Question 13

Where is the transplanted kidney placed in the recipient?

Answer 13

iliac fossa

Question 14

Which nerves are present when a posterior approach to the kidney is taken? Which is most likely to be damaged?

Answer 14

1) subcostal
2) ilioinguinial
3) iliohypogastric (most likely to be damaged since it is the most laterally placed)

Question 15

Which urethral portion in males is most likely to rupture or be damaged?

Answer 15

membranous urethra - thinnest and least durable

Question 16

How does a penis have to be to be catheterized?

Answer 16

in an erect position as not to damage the uretrha

Question 17

What type of catheterization is used for long-term catheterization?

Answer 17

suprapubic catheter

Question 18

How and where do you insert the needle in a suprapubic catheterization?

Answer 18

superiorly about 1-2 inches above the pubic symphysis

Question 19

What is the cause of stress incontinence?

Answer 19

weakness of pelvic floor muscles or incompetent sphincters

Question 20

What are the four types of incontinence? What are they each caused by?

Answer 20

1) stress - increased abdominal pressure with weak pelvic floor muscles
2) urge - involuntary contraction of detrusor muscles
3) overflow - blockage of the urethra
4) neurogenic - impaired functioning of the nervous system

Question 21

What is a cystocele? What are common causes of same?

Answer 21

prolapse of the bladder into the vaginal canal
Caused by:
1) repetitive straining for bowel movements
2) constipation
3) chronic of violent coughing
4) heavy lifting
5) obesity
6) multiparous women

Question 22

A posterior urethral tear can be diagnosed through a DRE by what finding?

Answer 22

Due to a high riding prostate, you will not be able to feel the prostate