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Old Flashcards > CPR Module (SGU) - Anatomy of the Urinary System 1 > Flashcards

CPR Module (SGU) - Anatomy of the Urinary System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which embryological rudiments develop into the urinary system?

A

intermediate mesoderm and urogenital sinus

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2
Q

Where can you find the intermediate mesoderm?

A

Between paraxial and lateral mesoderm

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3
Q

What is the urogenital sinus part of?

A

cloaca

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4
Q

What are the two parts of the urogenital ridge? What arises from each of these components?

A

1) nephrogenic cord which gives rise to urinary system

2) gonadal ridge which gives rise to genital system

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5
Q

What are the three sequential components of the embryological kidney?

A

1) Pronephros
2) Mesonephros
3) Metanephros

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6
Q

Which primitive kidney will form the permanent kidney?

A

Metanephros

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7
Q

When does the pronephros form? When does it regress? Where is it located?

A

1) fourth week
2) regresses by end of fourth week
3) cervical region

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8
Q

When does the mesonephros form? When does it regress mostly? Where is it located?

A

1) end of week 4
2) end of second month
3) caudal to the regressing pronephros to the cloaca

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9
Q

In the male embryo, some parts of the mesonephros persist, what are they?

A

some tubules and mesonephros duct will form ductus deferens, duct of epididymis and efferent ductules

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10
Q

What do the excretory tubules of the mesonephros form?

A

Primitive Bowman’s capsules and renal tubules

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11
Q

Where do the mesonephric tubules appear and what do they connect with?

A

appear laterally, grow into an S shaped loop and meet with tufts of primitive glomeruli

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12
Q

When does the metanephros appear?

A

5th week

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13
Q

What structure do the excretory ducts of the metanephros come from?

A

metanephric mesoderm

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14
Q

The ureteric bud is an outgrowth from what? What is it initially close to?

A

mesonephric duct, close to the cloaca

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15
Q

The bud is “capped” by tissue which it eventually penetrates, what is this cap?

A

metanephric blastema

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16
Q

The ureteric bud forms what structures?

A

Primitive renal pelvis and major calyces

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17
Q

The renal tubules are formed from what structure and through which process?

A

formed from clusters of mesenchymal cells from the metanephric blastema. induced by collecting tubules

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18
Q

What causes a lobulated kidney? When is it not pathological?

A

1) failure of the growth of connective tissue, vascularity, and nephron growth
2) kidney is normally lobulated in fetus

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19
Q

What forms the excretory part of the nephron? What forms the conducting part of the nephron?

A

1) excretory –> mesenchyme of the metanephric blastema

2) conducting –> ureteric bud

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20
Q

How do glomeruli form?

A

Through invaginations of the metanephric tubules

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21
Q

Where are the kidneys initially located? Which direction does the hilum face initially?

A

1) in the pelvis

2) ventrally

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22
Q

Where does the kidney initially receive its arterial supply? What about when it ascends?

A

1) common iliac

2) aorta

23
Q

When do the kidneys reach the adrenal glands?

A

9th week

24
Q

During a kidney’s ascent, what happens if an artery is not obliterated before it receives the next segmental arterial supply?

A

accessory renal arteries

25
Q

What is the cause of renal agenesis?

A

early degeneration or failure of formation of the ureteric bud

26
Q

What does bilateral renal agenesis cause?

A

1) olilgohydramnios
2) pulmonary hypoplasia
3) fetal demise

27
Q

What is the cause of a supernumerary kidney?

A

development of two separate ureteric buds on a side

28
Q

What causes a bifid ureter?

A

early, incomplete division of the ureteric bud

29
Q

What causes a horseshoe kidney?

A

fusion of lower poles of the kidneys while still in the pelvis

30
Q

What structure interrupts the ascent of a horseshoe kidney?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

31
Q

from deep to superficial, what are the coverings of the kidney?

A

1) renal capsule
2) perirenal fat
3) renal fascia
4) pararenal fat
5) transversalis fascia

32
Q

Where is the hepatorenal recess?

A

superior to the right kidney

33
Q

What is another name for the hepatorenal recess? Which body position causes fluid to collect there?

A

1) Pouch of Morrison

2) body is supine

34
Q

sensory nerves from the kidneys travel back to the CNS with which nerves?

A

thoracic splanchnic

35
Q

What nerves form the renal plexus?

A

1) celiac ganglion/plexus
2) aorticorenal ganglion
3) least thoracic splanchnic nerves
4) first lumbar splanchnic nerve
5) aortic plexus
6) sympathetics from T11-L2

36
Q

Most renal nerves are which type?

A

vasomotor

37
Q

What does water under the bridge mean with respect to the ureters?

A

Ureters pass UNDER the uterine vessels or ductus deferens

38
Q

Where does the bladder reside when it is empty? When it is full?

A

1) true pelvis

2) protrudes into the abdominal cavity

39
Q

What supplies the blood of the urinary bladder?

A

superior and inferior vesicle arteries

40
Q

Where does lymph from the urinary bladder drain into?

A

external iliac nodes

41
Q

How is the urinary bladder attached to the umbilicus?

A

median umbilical fold

42
Q

What are the ligaments which hold up the bladder?

A

1) pubovesical and cardinal in women

2) puboprostatic and cardinal in men

43
Q

When does the bladder develop?

A

4-7 weeks

44
Q

What divides the cloaca into the rectal and urogenital canals?

A

urorectal septum

45
Q

What are the portions of the urogenital sinus?

A

1) vesical (upper) - forms bladder
2) pelvic (middle) - most of male urethra and all of female urethra
3) phallic (males)

46
Q

What developmental structures form the trigone of the bladder?

A

caudal portion of the mesonephric ducts

47
Q

What are the two pelvic pouches in females? Males?

A

Females: rectouterine and vesico-uterine pouch
Males: rectovesical pouch

48
Q

What three muscles control micturition? How are each of these controlled?

A

1) detrusor muscle - tonically relax by SNS, PSNS causes contraction in micturition
2) internal urethral sphincter - SNS keeps contracted, PSNS relaxes it
3) external urethral sphincter - PUDENDAL NERVE (somatic)

49
Q

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations of the bladder?

A

SNS - T10-12 (lesser and least splanchnics), L1-2 (lumbar splanchnics
PSNS - S2-4 (pelvic splanchnics)

50
Q

How do visceral afferents for pain travel to the bladder?

A

Majority of bladder travel with parasympathetics

Peritoneal portion travels with sympathetics

51
Q

Where does pain from the bladder refer to?

A

perineum

52
Q

Stretch and pain in urinary bladder is carried by what?

A

Visceral afferents accompanying parasympathetics or sympathetics depending on location

53
Q

What are the three portions of the male urethra?

A

1) prostatic urethra
2) membranous urethra
3) penile urethra

54
Q

Why is ascending UTI in females more common?

A
  • short urethra
  • proximity to vagina and anus
  • intercourse

Old Flashcards (7 decks)

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