CPH Flashcards
What are the levels of the social ecological model?
individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, public policy
Theories contributing to individual level
The health belief model and transtheoretical model (processes/stages of change)
Theories contributing to interpersonal level
theory of planned behavior & social cognitive theory
Theories contributing to community level
Roger’s diffusion of innovations
What is the social ecological model used for?
- need to intervene in all levels
- used to understand the individual and environment to understand the influence
- understand the risk of protective factors and addressing leverage points
Constructs of diffusion of innovation
- innovation: idea, product, process
- communication channels: methods to make innovation known to social system
- time: time it takes for innovation-decision process to occur, and rate of adoption
- social system: group in which the innovation is introduced
Literacy advocates in the U.S. recommend that for health promotion materials to be effective, they should be written at which of the following reading levels?
A 2nd–4th grades
B 6th–8th grades
C 10th–12th grades
D college level
B* 6th–8th grades
The introduction of sewage into a stream is most likely to cause a measurable change in which of the following ways?
A decrease in decomposing organic concentration
B increase in biochemical oxygen demand
C increase in dissolved oxygen concentration
D stabilization of biochemical oxygen demand
B increase in biochemical oxygen demand
Diversity of the workforce is considered important in health care research, education, and administration for which of the following reasons?
A It increases efficiency.
B It improves health literacy.
C It decreases work-related stress.
D It demonstrates institutional commitment.
D It demonstrates institutional commitment.
Approximately how many local health departments are there in the United States?
A 890
B 3,000
C 10,600
D 59,000
B* 3,000
Which of the following is the most important limitation in the use of vital statistics data for public health research?
A Births and deaths that occur outside of institutions are not recorded.
B Data collected vary substantially from state to state.
C Data files are not readily available to people collecting data outside the agency.
D Variables of research interest may not be collected
D* Variables of research interest may not be collected
A needs assessment process identifies several behavioral and environmental factors on which the intervention could potentially focus. However, to keep the project on budget, the scope of the intervention must be limited. Which of the following criteria is most appropriate to consider when deciding on which behavioral and environmental factors to focus the intervention?
A compliance with guidance from the project’s sponsor
B what is feasible within the project budget
C the specific research interests of the planning team members
D the strength of the evidence that the desired changes can be achieved
D* the strength of the evidence that the desired changes can be achieved
Which of the following historical events raised awareness of the need for the protection of research subjects and resulted in the 1947 creation of the International Code of Ethics for research?
A Nazi human experimentation
B Willowbrook hepatitis studies
C publication of the Belmont Report
D Tuskegee Syphilis Study
A* Nazi human experimentation
Most funding for nursing home care in the United States comes from which of the following sources?
A Medicaid
B Medicare
C out-of-pocket
D private insurance
A* Medicaid
Medicaid is a federal and state government program that provides health coverage for low-income individuals, and it plays a significant role in funding nursing home care for those who meet the eligibility criteria. While Medicare (Option B) covers short-term nursing home care in specific situations, it is Medicaid that primarily supports long-term nursing home care for those with limited financial means. Out-of-pocket payments (Option C) and private insurance (Option D) also contribute to nursing home care funding, but they are generally secondary to Medicaid for those who qualify.
A health services researcher is studying a new influenza vaccination to determine whether it should be recommended for all senior citizens. Which of the following vaccination attributes is most appropriate to evaluate first in the process of assessing the new vaccination?
A cost-benefit
B effectiveness
C efficacy
D efficiency
C* efficacy
Efficacy is related to how well a vaccine works under ideal or controlled conditions in clinical trials, which might not always reflect real-world performance. Evaluating efficacy is essential, but it typically comes after assessing effectiveness in real-world settings.
Community public health goals and objectives are best developed by which of the following?
A elected officials who are accountable to the public
B public health professionals who have access to data trends
C medical professionals who treat members of the community
D members of the community who understand community needs
D* members of the community who understand community needs
In public health, it is essential to engage the community in the goal-setting and objective-development process. Members of the community who understand their own needs and priorities can provide valuable insights into what specific health goals and objectives are most relevant and feasible for their particular community. This participatory approach ensures that the goals and objectives align with the community’s values and address their specific health concerns. While elected officials, public health professionals, and medical professionals can contribute valuable input, involving the community itself is central to the success of public health initiatives.
According to the transtheoretical model of change, as individuals go from pre-contemplation to maintenance, “con” behavioral beliefs decrease and “pro” behavioral beliefs increase. This process is best described as which of the following?
A decisional balance
B self-liberation
C reinforcement management
D self-efficacy
A* decisional balance
The concept of “decisional balance” is central to the transtheoretical model of change. It involves weighing the pros and cons of behavior change. As individuals progress through the stages of change (pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance), they become more aware of the advantages (pros) of changing their behavior and the disadvantages (cons) of not changing. This process helps individuals make informed decisions and move towards successful behavior change.
The management of a health care facility requires staff to adhere to ethical principles and provide culturally appropriate care. The institutionalization of these values is most likely to influence which of the following aspects of health care provided by this facility?
A acceptability
B accessibility
C accountability
D adequacy
A* acceptability
By promoting and enforcing ethical principles and culturally appropriate care, a healthcare facility is more likely to be seen as acceptable and trustworthy by the community it serves. Patients and their families are more likely to accept and seek care at a facility that values ethics, respects cultural diversity, and provides care in a culturally sensitive manner. This contributes to the overall acceptability of the facility in the eyes of its patients and the community.
Which of the following methods is most appropriate for collecting data from stakeholders for a community-based intervention?
A conducting a mail survey
B conducting a telephone survey
C holding key informant interviews
D reading the blogs of community members
C* holding key informant interviews
Conducting key informant interviews is often the most effective way to collect in-depth, qualitative data from stakeholders in a community-based intervention. Key informants are individuals who have a deep understanding of the community, its needs, and the issues at hand. Through interviews, you can gather valuable insights, perspectives, and context-specific information that may not be captured through other methods like mail or telephone surveys.
Which of the following terms describes the process of working with and through groups of people in partnerships and coalitions that help mobilize resources and influence systems to address their wellbeing?
A collaboration
B community action
C community engagement
D constituency development
C* community engagement
Community engagement involves actively involving and collaborating with community members, organizations, and stakeholders to address the needs and wellbeing of the community as a whole. It often includes building partnerships, coalitions, and working collectively to promote positive change and empower the community to be part of the decision-making process. Community engagement is a key concept in public health and community development to ensure that the community’s voice and needs are central in shaping interventions and policies.
A study is conducted to compare colorectal screening rates in white and African-American men. Researchers contact 50 white men and 50 African-American men older than 50 years of age by telephone and ask them if they have undergone colorectal screening. Fifty-five percent of white men and 49% of African-American men report undergoing appropriate screening. Which of the following tests is the most appropriate method of analysis of the survey data?
A paired t-test
B Pearson chi-square (X2) test
C two-sample t-test
D Spearman correlation test
B* Pearson chi-square (X2) test
The chi-square test is commonly used for analyzing categorical data to determine whether there is an association or significant difference between two categorical variables, such as race (white vs. African-American) and colorectal screening (underwent or did not undergo screening). It’s a suitable method for assessing the relationship between these two variables and determining if there’s a statistically significant difference in screening rates between the two groups.
Researchers are seeking a spokesperson for a health communication campaign to promote breast cancer screening for low-income women. To ensure the strongest effect of the campaign on the target group, the researcher should select a spokesperson who shares which of the following characteristics with the target group?
A personal attitudes
B ethnic background
C level of knowledge
D socioeconomic status
A* personal attitudes
On the basis of the present evidence, the greatest reduction in injuries and death related to motor vehicles in the United States is most likely to be a result of which of the following?
A increase in law enforcement and highway patrol officers
B stricter motor vehicle inspection laws
C modifications to vehicles and highway systems
D stiffer penalties for drunk drivers and repeat speeders
C* modifications to vehicles and highway systems
While all of the options listed can contribute to improving road safety, modifications to vehicles and highway systems have demonstrated the greatest potential for reducing injuries and deaths related to motor vehicles.
A federal law is passed requiring labeling on food products. In subsequent years, the rate of obesity among adults decreases. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the law and the change in obesity rates?
A causal
B correlated
C retrospective
D prospective
B* correlated
A local health department establishes a program with community outreach and clinical components that is intended to reduce the number of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases. A measure of the program’s outcomes is the number of
A clinical visits for drug-resistant tuberculosis.
B community education sessions.
C drug-resistant tuberculosis cases.
D patients receiving follow-up care for drug-resistant tuberculosis.
C* drug-resistant tuberculosis cases.
The number of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases is a direct and objective measure of the program’s effectiveness in achieving its intended outcome. Reducing the number of drug-resistant tuberculosis cases is the primary goal of the program, and this measure reflects the program’s impact on public health.
Which of the following is a modeling and simulation tool used to investigate stocks, flows, and feedback loops of complex problems?
A interactive planning
B operations research
C organizational cybernetics
D system dynamics
D* system dynamics
System dynamics is a methodology for studying complex systems by examining the relationships among various components (stocks and flows) and the feedback loops that affect the system’s behavior over time. It is particularly useful for analyzing dynamic systems, such as those found in environmental, economic, and public health contexts. System dynamics models help in understanding how changes in one part of the system can have cascading effects throughout the system.
Which of the following is a characteristic of a health care system based on social justice?
A Access to medical care is viewed as an economic reward of personal effort and achievement.
B Production and distribution of health care are determined by market-based demand.
C An individual’s ability to pay is considered inconsequential for receiving medical care.
D Markets are assumed to be more efficient than government at allocating health resources equitably.
C* An individual’s ability to pay is considered inconsequential for receiving medical care.
In a health care system rooted in social justice, access to medical care is not determined by an individual’s ability to pay. Instead, it emphasizes the equitable distribution of healthcare services and resources to ensure that everyone, regardless of their financial means, has access to necessary medical care. The principle of social justice seeks to reduce health disparities and promote fairness in healthcare delivery. It stands in contrast to systems where access is determined by an individual’s economic status or market-based demand (Options A and B). The focus is on providing care based on need, rather than the ability to pay.
A group uses problem solving to reconcile underlying differences and create a win-win situation for the mutual benefit of all parties. This approach exemplifies which of the following styles of conflict management?
A accommodating
B avoiding
C collaborating
D compromising
C* collaborating
Collaborating is a conflict management style where all parties work together to find a solution that addresses the concerns and interests of everyone involved. It is a win-win approach that aims to create outcomes that benefit all parties and is often characterized by open communication, active problem-solving, and a commitment to finding mutually agreeable solutions. In this style, the focus is on reaching a consensus that satisfies the needs and goals of all parties involved.
What percentage of all spending on health in the United States is devoted to public health funding?
A 3%
B 11%
C 28%
D 52%
A* 3%
A researcher wants to conduct a study of hookah use in a college town. He plans to use the PRECEDE-PROCEED Planning Model. Which of the following is an example of a reinforcing factor in this situation?
A feeling relaxed after using hookah
B self-efficacy to decline using a hookah
C having multiple hookah cafes around campus
D knowledge of the health effects of hookah use
A* feeling relaxed after using hookah
A describes a personal outcome of using hookah (feeling relaxed), which may be an immediate consequence.
Which of the following best exemplifies a vision statement in a health department’s strategic plan?
A The department will provide quality, comprehensive, culturally proficient health services.
B The department will initiate a smoking education program in all primary schools in the region.
C The department is committed to protecting and promoting the health of the residents of the community.
D The department will provide extraordinary service to the community it serves, resulting in the healthiest community in the region.
D* The department will provide extraordinary service to the community it serves, resulting in the healthiest community in the region.
A vision statement is typically a forward-looking statement that describes the aspirational and inspirational goal or future state that an organization aims to achieve. It often goes beyond specific actions or services and conveys a broader sense of purpose and the desired outcome. Option D clearly articulates a vision of providing extraordinary service with the ultimate goal of creating the healthiest community in the region.
The following table shows the incidence risk of oral cancer in cigarette smokers and non-smokers:
Oral Cancer Rates per 100,000
Smoker
35.0
Non-Smoker
18.0
The attributable risk of oral cancer due to cigarette smoking is equal to
A 35.0 / 18.0.
B 35.0 - 18.0.
C 35.0 x 18.0.
D 35.0 + 18.0.
B* 35.0 - 18.0.
The PEPFAR program was created to respond to which of the following global health concerns?
A malaria
B tuberculosis
C dengue fever
D HIV/AIDS
D* HIV/AIDS
PEPFAR is a U.S. government initiative established to combat HIV/AIDS on a global scale, primarily focusing on providing resources and support to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic in various countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of the largest and most significant programs aimed at preventing and treating HIV/AIDS worldwide.
A crucial step for establishing positive team interdependence is
A determining deadlines.
B attending group meetings.
C establishing group member roles.
D managing communication patterns.
C* establishing group member roles.
Establishing clear roles and responsibilities for each team member is essential for building positive team interdependence. When team members understand their roles and how they contribute to the team’s goals, it helps create a sense of purpose and encourages collaboration. This clarity in roles ensures that everyone knows what is expected of them, which, in turn, fosters a more effective and cohesive team. While other factors, like managing communication patterns (Option D), are also important, they often depend on having well-defined roles in the team.
A recent report on suicide rates among indigenous youth noted that the incidence of suicide rates among the children and youth of the Inuit population living in northern arctic region is five times higher when compared to the rates in rest of Canada. The government has recently asked for policy options to be drafted that could help reduce the incidence of these suicides. Which of the following potential stakeholders is key to be engaged in this process?
A physicians working in urban cities
B local school district board
C local municipalities
D non-profit organizations
B* local school district board
The local school district board is a crucial stakeholder in this process because schools play a significant role in the lives of young people. They can provide support, education, and intervention programs to address mental health issues and suicide prevention. Engaging with the local school district board is essential in developing and implementing strategies to help youth at risk.
