CPE 047 SAS 2-4 Flashcards
is a controlling unit of a micro-computer, fabricated on a small chip capable of
performing ALU (Arithmetic Logical Unit) operations and communicating with the other devices connected
to it.
Microprocessor
Microprocessor consists
ALU, register array, and a control unit.
performs arithmetical
and logical operations on the data received from the memory or an input device.
ALU
consists
of registers identified by letters like B, C, D, E, H, L and accumulator.
Register array
controls the flow of
data and instructions within the computer.
control unit
It performs the necessary arithmetic and logic operations and controls the timing and general
operation of the complete system.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
are used for feeding data into the CPU, examples of these devices are toggle
switches, analog-to-digital converters, paper tape readers, card readers, keyboards, disk etc.
Input devices
are used for delivering the results of computations to the outside world; examples are light
emitting diodes, cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, digital-to-analog converters, card and paper-tape
punches, character printers, plotters, communication lines etc.
output devices
thus allows
the computer to usefully communicate with the outside world.
input/output
Input-output devices are also called as
peripherals.
It stores both the instructions to be executed (i.e., the program) and the data involved.
Memory
RAMs
random-access memories
ROMS
read-only memories).
WHAT IS INSIDE A MICROPROCESSOR?
The microprocessor or CPU reads each instruction from the memory, decodes it and executes it.
It processes the data as required in the instructions. The processing is in the form of arithmetic and logical
operations. The data is retrieved from memory or taken from an input device and the result of processing
is stored in the memory or delivered to an appropriate output device, all as per the instructions. To perform
all these functions, the μP (microprocessor) incorporates various functional units in an appropriate
manner. Such an internal structure or organizational structure of μP, which determines how it operates,
is known as its architecture.
Such an internal structure or organizational structure of μP, which determines how it operates,
is known as its
architecture.
The particular microprocessor-based systems that happen to be used as a computer are called
microcomputers.
is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital-integrated circuit which
accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory, and provides
results as output.
The microprocessor
is a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU) on a single chip that contains millions of transistors connected by wires.
Microprocessor
Components of Microprocessor
Arithmetic Logic Unit, Register Array, Control Unit
is used to control the instructions and it generates the signals to operate the other
components.
Control Unit
consists of registers. Registers that are used by the programmer to store arbitrary data are known as general-purpose registers and the registers which are not used by a programmer to store the data are known as the reserved registers.
Register array
is the greatest invention of the 20th century.
microprocessor
The transistor technology led to the development of complex devices called
integrated circuits
(ICs).
MPU
microprocessing unit
Ryzen 7
10.7 T
intel 4004
first microprocessor and a 2300 trnasitors
VLSI
Very
large-scale integration
NMOS
n-channel metal oxide-semiconductor
HMOS
high density
metal-oxide-semiconductor
HCMOS
high density/high speed
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor
1971
Intel 4004 microprocessor with 2300 transistors, working at a speed of 108 kHz
1971
Intel 8008, twice as powerful as the 4004, with 3500 transistors and speed of 200 kHz
1974
Intel 8080 processor with 6000 transistors and speed up to 2 MHz
1976
Intel 8085 processor with about 6500 transistors and speed of 3-5 MHz came into
existence. There were multiple versions of 8085 microprocessors. The original version of the
8085 microprocessor without suffix A was manufactured by Intel. It was quickly replaced with
the 8085A, which had a bug-fixer. A few years later, in the 1980s, Intel introduced the
8085AH, the HMOS version of 8085 A followed by the 80C85A, the CMOS version of the
8085A.
1978
Intel 80X86 families of microprocessors. The first generation of the 80X86 families
included the 8086 and the 8088. It was followed by the 80186, 80286, 80386, and 80486.
1979
Intel 8088, which was similar in architecture to the 8086; the difference was in the
available number of data bits of the data bus. Number of transistors: 29,000; speed: 5 MHz,
8 MHz, 10 MHz
1985
Intel 80386, the first 32-bit chip that contained 275,000 transistors, processing five
million instructions per second, and running all popular operating systems, including
Windows.
1989
Intel 486 with an 8KB cache memory (shared for data and instructions), operating at
clock frequencies from 25 to 100 MHz.
1993
Intel Pentium processor retains the 32-bit address bus of the 80486 but doubles the
data bus to 64 bits. It includes two 8 KB cache memories one for instructions and the other
for data. It was based on dual pipeline method known as superscalar architecture and
currently operates with frequencies
1997
Intel Pentium II processor was designed specifically to process video, MMX audio,
and graphics data efficiently with speeds of 200 MHz, 233 MHz, 266 MHz, and 300 MHz.
1999
Intel Celeron processor and Intel Pentium III processor
2000
Intel Pentium 4 processor
This microprocessors processed their instructions serially by fetching the
instruction, decoding and execute it.
First-generation microprocessors
What does PMOS stands for.
p-channel metal-oxide semiconductor
Who developed the first Microprocessor in 1971?
Busicom
This generation marks introduction of devices that carry on-chip
Fifth Generation (1995-till date)
Registers that are used by the programmer to store
arbitrary data are known as
general-purpose registers
the registers which are not used by a
programmer to store the data are known as the
reserved registers
TTL stands for
Transistor-Transistor Logic
It is the system based on combining transistors in
such a way that they can be used for logic gates.
Transistor-Transistor Logic
is small chip that can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer,
microprocessor, or even computer memory.
integrated circuit, or IC
Microprocessors can be classified based on their 3 specifications
- General-purpose processors
- Microcontrollers
- Special-purpose processors
are those that are used in general computer system integration
and can be used by the programmer for any application.
General-purpose processors
are microprocessor chips
with built-in hardware for the memory and ports.
Microcontrollers
are designed specifically to handle special
functions required for an application.
Special-purpose processors
are also examples of this category of microprocessors
Application-specific
integrated circuit (ASIC)
Based on the architecture and hardware of the processors, they are classified as follows
- RISC processors
- CISC processors
- VLIW processors
- Superscalar processors
is a processor architecture that supports limited machine language instructions.
RISC
have instructions
composed of many machine operations.
Very long instruction word (VLIW) processors
use complex hardware to achieve parallelism. It is possible to have overlapping
of instruction execution to increase the speed of execution.
Superscalar processors
It is designed to reduce the execution time
by simplifying the instruction set of the computer.
RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set Computer
Characteristics of RISC
The major characteristics of a RISC processor are as follows:
- It consists of simple instructions.
- It supports various data-type formats.
- It utilizes simple addressing modes and fixed length instructions for pipelining.
- It supports register to use in any context.
- One cycle execution time.
- “LOAD” and “STORE” instructions are used to access the memory location.
- It consists of larger number of registers.
- It consists of less number of transistors
It is designed to minimize the number of
instructions per program, ignoring the number of cycles per instruction.
CISC stands for Complex Instruction Set Computer.
Characteristics of CISC
- Variety of addressing modes.
- Larger number of instructions.
- Variable length of instruction formats.
- Several cycles may be required to execute one instruction.
- Instruction-decoding logic is complex.
- One instruction is required to support multiple addressing modes.
architecture in P-DSPs (programmable DSP) increases the
number of instructions that are processed per cycle. It is a concatenation of several short instructions
and requires multiple execution units running in parallel, to carry out the instructions in a single cycle.
Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)
Advantages of VLIW architecture
- Increased performance.
- Potentially scalable i.e. more execution units can be added and so more instructions can
be packed into the VLIW instruction.
Disadvantages of VLIW architecture
- New programmer needed.
- Program must keep track of Instruction scheduling.
- Increased memory use.
- High power consumption.
is a CPU that implements a form of parallelism called instruction-level
parallelism within a single processor. In contrast to a scalar processor that can execute at most one single
instruction per clock cycle, a superscalar processor can execute more than one instruction during a clock
cycle by simultaneously dispatching multiple instructions to different execution units on the processor.
superscalar processor
a single-core superscalar processor is classified as an
SISD processor
(Single Instruction stream, Single Data stream),
a single-core superscalar processor that supports
short vector operations could be classified as
SIMD (Single Instruction stream, Multiple Data streams).
A
multi-core superscalar processor is classified as an
MIMD processor (Multiple Instruction streams,
Multiple Data streams).
is typically also pipelined, superscalar and pipelining
execution are considered different performance enhancement techniques.
superscalar CPU
The instruction set, also called
ISA (instruction set architecture),
is part of a computer that
pertains to programming, which is more or less machine language.
ISA (instruction set architecture),
