CP31 - Renal System 1 Flashcards
what are some of the function of kidney?
- eliminating metabolic waste products
- regulating fluid and electrolyte balance
- influencing acid-base balance (Renin - fluid balance, erythropoietin - stimulate RBC production)
what are some symptoms for acute renal failure?
rapid rise in creatinine and urea, generally unwell
what are some symptoms for nephrotic syndrome
oedema, proteinuria (mostly albumin), hypoalbuminaemia
what are some symptoms for acute nephritis (nephritic syndrome )
oedema, proteinuria, haematuria, renal failure
what is the course of blood through the renal system and back to central circulation?
branches of renal artery - afferent arteriole (going towards glomerulus) - glomerulus in bowmans capsule - efferent arteriole - proximal convoluted tubule (going towards renal medulla) - enter vasa recta - back in cortex in distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - renal vein
what is glomerulus
capillary bed - network of blood capillary
what are the 2 main mechanisms for glomerular damage?
damage to base membrane & damage to vessels through immunological and non-immunological causes
DM - altered BM as hyperglycaemia
Inherited disease - abnormal BM
deposition of protein
immune complexes, antigen, antibodies deposit in glomerulus
what are some of the mechanism for tubular damage?
2 main mechanisms - toxic and ischaemic
direct toxin
hypersensitivity reactions to drugs
deposition of crystals and abnormal proteins in tubules
reduced blood supply to tubules
glomerular damages
what can cause vascular damage in the kidney
hypertension DM atheroma thrombotic mircoangiopathy - thrombi in capillary and small arterioles vasculitis - inflammation of the vessels
what causes nephrotic syndrome?
always due to damages to glomerulus
what are some examples which cause nephrotic syndrome?
membranous nephropathy (most common)
focal segmenetal glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) -
minimal change disease
DM, lupus nephritis, amyloid
what causes nephrotic syndrome in children?
minimal change disease (most common)
focal segemental glomerulosclerosis
what are some common causes for acute nephritis (nephritic syndrome) in adult?
post-infective glomerulonephritis - occur a few weeks after Streptococcal throat infection
IgA nephropathy
Vasculitis
Lupus
what are some common causes for acute nephritis (nephritic syndrome) in children?
Post-infective glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
Henoch-Schonlein purpura - specific type iGA nephropathy
- haemolytic-uraemic syndrome - E.Coli 0157
what are some of the clinical presentation for acute renal failure?
diagnosis - anuria/oliguria + raised creatinine and urea