CP1: Acute Inflammation

Question 1

what are the 3 phases of the movement of WBC’s to the point of injury:

Answer 1

1. Margination
2. Pavementing
3. Transmigration

Question 2

What are the macroscopic changes in acute inflammation?

Answer 2

Rubor -redness
Tumor - swelling
Callor - heat
Dolor - pain
Functio Laesa - loss of function

Question 3

redness

Answer 3

rubor

Question 4

swelling

Answer 4

tumor

Question 5

heat

Answer 5

calor

Question 6

pain

Answer 6

dolor

Question 7

loss of function

Answer 7

functio laesa

Question 8

rubor

Answer 8

redness

Question 9

tumor

Answer 9

swelling

Question 10

calor

Answer 10

heat

Question 11

dolor

Answer 11

pain

Question 12

functio laesa

Answer 12

loss of function

Question 13

what are the microsopic changes in acute inflammation

Answer 13

1. initial constriction THEN dilation of vessels
2. Increased blood flow
3. Increased permeability
4. formation of exudate
5. migration of leukocytes through wall
6. oedema

Question 14

what is exudate

Answer 14

mass of cells and fluid that seep out of blood vessels or an organ

Question 15

during acute inflammation,
hyrdostatic pressure ____
and osmotic pressure____

Answer 15

increases,

decreases

Question 16

what does increasing the permeability of post-capillary venules do?

Answer 16

– enhances migration of cells
– dilution of toxins
– stimulates lymphatics/immune response
– deposition of proteins eg fibrin to form mechanical barrier

Question 17

what is margination?

Answer 17

when WBC’s move the the peripheral part of the blood flow

Question 18

what is pavementing?

Answer 18

when WBC’s stick to the wall pavement of endothelial cells

Question 19

what is transmigration/diapedesis?

Answer 19

the movement of WBC’s through the wall to get to the bacteria

Question 20

what are neutrophil polymorphs?

Answer 20

-the first cells to arrive to site, and the predominan cell for the first 6-24 hrs
-most common polymorph
-mobile, phagocytic and responds to chemotaxis
-segmented nucleus, granular cytoplasm (i.e. full of granules containing enzymes)
NO STAMINA; die off when the work is done

Question 21

what are eosinophils?

Answer 21

• bilobed (has 2 lobes)
• red granules
• found especially in allergies & helminth infections (parasitic worms)

Question 22

what are basophils/mast cells

Answer 22

blue/purple cytoplasm;

• degranulates with the release of vasoactive amines
• contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues

Question 23

what are monocytes/macrophages?

Answer 23

(same thing but called monocytes when in circulating cells, and marophages when in tissue)

• the 2nd main cell in acute inflammation; predominates after 24 hrs
• mobile; phagocytic, responds to chemotaxis
• bean-shaped nucleus
• attacks and clears up

Question 24

what is chemotaxis?

Answer 24

the movement of WBCs towards a chemical

Question 25

what things draw WBCs (phagocytes) towards them?

Answer 25

• Bacteria
• fungi
• immune complexes
• toxins
• complement components
• lipoxygenase products
• white cell breakdown products

Question 26

what are the three pahses of phagocytosis?

Answer 26

1. recognition and attachment – mechanical contact – opsonisation (APPLYING KETCHUP ON THE CHICKEN NUGGETS). A complement on the antibody further draws the WBC to the antibody.
2. engulfment – phagosome
3. killing and degradation – lysosomal contents

Question 27

what is opsonisation?

Answer 27

A complement on the antibody further draws the WBC to the antibody.

Question 28

what is the importance of mediators?

Answer 28

ensure that you don’t destroy all your tissues

Question 29

clinical features of acute inflammation

Answer 29

• Pyrexia (temp) • drowsiness • lethargy • leukocytosis • decreased appetite • acute phase proteins (plasma related i.e. c related proteins)