CP 7 - Immunisation Flashcards
what is the aim of vaccination
selective protection of the vulnerable, elimination (herd immunity), eradication of a particular disease
what are some examples of non-specifc defences
unbroken skin
mucous membrane of gut, lung
acid & enzymes of gut
non-specific metabolism / inactivation
what are some examples of innate immunity
complement, WBC 7 cytokines
what are some examples of immune system used as immunity
immunoglobin - inital not specific, learns specific IgG response, lays down immune memory
what is some examples of passive immunity
- Immunity transfer from mother to unborn baby - ‘maternal antibodies’ can protect baby for up to a year against illness to which the mother is immune
- antibodies within the transferred blood
what is the agent within the transfused blood which provide passive immunity
Immunoglobulin (IG), which contains antibodies pooled together from the blood of many donors, can be injected into a person who needs antibodies.
what is the downside of passive immunity
although effective, usually disappear in short time
what is active immunity
long-lasting immunity produced by the immune system in response to antigens.
what is an active immunity agent
vaccination - cause active immunity with antigen from pathogens but without the complications of the conditions
what is immunologic memory
The persistence of protection for many years after natural infection or vaccination
definition of antigen?
anything that can be bound by an antibody
what is antigenic determinants or epitopes
the small part of molecules of the antigen which antibodies interact to.
what are the different subtype of immunoglobulin
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE
which immunoglobulin related antibody will be expressed in primary immune response
IgM antibodies
how long will primary immune response develop
in weeks following first exposure to an antigen
how long will secondary immune response develop
faster and more powerful
which immunoglobulin related antibody will be expressed in secondary immune response
IgG antibodies
what are the different types of active vaccination?
inactivated, inactivated toxins, attenuated live (reduced virulence), components of organisms
what are some examples of attenuated live vaccines
MMR, BCG, Yellow fever, varicella - act like natural infection
what are some examples of inactivated organisms vaccines
pertussis, typhoid, IPV
what are some examples of components of organisms vaccine
influenza, pneumococcal
what are some examples of inactivated toxins vaccine
diphtheria, tetanus
what are the different types of passive immunity agents
- vertical transmisison of auto-antibodies from mother to foetus
- inject of human immunoglobulin
what are some of the examples of injection of human immunoglobulin agents
pooled plasma, immunoglobulin for tetanus, botulism, Hep B, rabies, varicella
