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Alimentary > Cows with abdominal problems > Flashcards

Cows with abdominal problems Flashcards

1
Q

Ph Rumen organisms work best at?

A

6.2-7

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2
Q

Main volatile fatty acid created from cellulose digestion in rumen?

A

acetate

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3
Q

what does starch and sugar do to the ph of the rumen?

A

decreases it

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4
Q

Which acidic product is the main cause of rumen acidosis and rumen stasis?

A

Lactate

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5
Q

Functions of Saliva?

A

lubrication and Buffering (bicarbonate)

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6
Q

how long does a cow need to lie down for a day?

A

14 hrs a day

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7
Q

Causes of Acute rumen acidosis? (2)

A

sudden ingestion of large amounts of fermentable carbohydrates. sudden lack of forage or straw bedding

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8
Q

3 facts about acute rumen acidosis?

A

life threatening clinical emergency, poor prognosis, rare but most severe.

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9
Q

Clincal signs of acute rumen acidosis? (10)

A

dull &/or recumbent, ataxia/ incoordination, anorexia, blind dehydration, laminitis, rumen stasis and abdominal distention, increased pulse, sunken eyes.

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10
Q

treatments for Acute ruminal acidosis? (4)

A

5% sodium bicarbonate slow i/v, 5 litres per 450kg over 30mins.
i/v fluids isotonic NaCl 150ml/kg over 6-12 hrs
Oral magnesium hydroxide 500g/450kg (drench)
rumenotomy and/or rumen lavage

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11
Q

what does SARA stand for?

A

sub acute rumen acidosis

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12
Q

SARA is a ill defined herd syndrome, what is seen with it? (8)

A

low milk fat & depressed milk yields. Laminitis (solar ulcers, solar haemorrhages). reduced appetites, liver abscesses. high herd culling rates. haemoptysis & epistaxis (from thrombosis of the liver.

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13
Q

Epistaxis?

A

bleeding from the nose

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14
Q

Haemoptysis?

A

Bleeding from the mouth

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15
Q

Importance of bleeding in SARA?

A

Repeated cases of epistaxis or haemoptysis is almost diagnostic of a chronic, SARA for a herd.

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16
Q

clinical signs of Rumen bloat (tympany) (1, then difference between mild,mod, and severe)

A

Distension of the left flank.
Mild- get distension of left sub lumbar fossa.
More severe- get distention of whole left flank.
very severe- entire abdomen appears distended.

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17
Q

4 ways cow with rumen bloat can present?

A
  • Sudden death (severe cases)
  • Distressed, dyspnoea.
  • Recumbant.
  • Standing quietly with distended left flank.
18
Q

Two types of Bloat?

A

Frothy and Gaseous/ free gas bloat

19
Q

Cause of frothy bloat?

A

foaming properities of soluable leaf proteins. eg: legumes, clovers, alfalfa and rich lush pastures. also in cereal rich diets.

20
Q

Why is history important for frothy bloat diagnosis?

A

seversal cows can die over night when turned out onto lush pasture.

21
Q

Two actions for free gas bloat that do not work for frothy bloat?

A

pass stomach tube, insert trocar into the rumen

22
Q

treatment for frothy bloat?

A

use antifoaming agebt/ surfactant orally to disperse foam.
i.e poloxalene 25-50g (bloat guard)
mineral oil, corn oil 500 ml
simethicone 100ml (BIRP)

sit in sternal recumbancy if down

23
Q

management for prevention of frothy bloat?

A

strip grazing, buffer feeding (prevents excessive intakes on lush pastures)

24
Q

Causes of Gaseous bloat? (4)

A
  • excessive carbohydrate intake.
  • anything causing an oesophageal obstruction.
  • milk fever
  • lateral recumbency (blocks cardia)
25
Q

causes of oesophageal obstruction? (4)

A
  • choke.
  • lesions of oesophageal groove such as vaugus indigestion or actinobacillus.
  • enlarged mediastinal LN (after pneumonia)
  • tetanus
26
Q

treatment of gaseous bloat? (2)

A

remove gas either by:

  • stomach tube.
  • rumen puncture.
27
Q

4 consequences of metal objects piercing the reticulum wall?

A
  • local peritonitis
  • diffuse peritonitis
  • pericarditis
  • Liver abcess
28
Q

Clinical signs of traumatic reticulo-peritionitis? (6)

A
  • Drop in milk yield and reduced appetite.
  • increased temperature.
  • arching of back. (showing pain)
  • rumen contraction rate down, and reticulo- rumen movements reduced/ painful.
29
Q

3 diagnostic tests for hard wire disease?

A
  • Withers pinch (pinch withers and cow should drop down, if don’t could be painful)
  • pole test ( put pole/ or knee into sternum of the animal, will show pain response.)
  • Eric williams test (pain just before mixing cycle of the rumen (reticulum- rumen cycle) with no erucation)
30
Q

prevention of hardwire disease? (2)

A
  • remove metal wires from feed areas, tires used of clamps.

- Use magnet boluses

31
Q

Treatment of hardwire disease? (3)

A
  • conservative. (tie up with front feet raised, pain releif and antibiotics.)
  • rumenotomy to remove wire.
  • slaughter
32
Q

Normal time within which LDA occurs?

A

first 6 weeks after calving.

33
Q

possible causes of Left displaced abomasum (LDA)? (6)

A
  • poor transition period (dry - post calving cow) management.
  • High concentrates
  • insufficient fibre.
  • too quick diet changes.
  • other diseases - milk fever,
  • Genetic factors
34
Q

clincal signs for LDA? (4)

A
  • sudden drop in milk yield (variable)
  • reduced or changed appetite (variable)
  • raised ketone levels.
  • loss of body condition, reduced rumen movements.
35
Q

Diagnosis for LDA?

A

listen for pings on left flank

36
Q

Treatment for LDA? (5)

A
  • rolling
  • roll and toggle
  • right flank omentopexy
  • left flank omentopexy
  • right paramedian abomasopexy
37
Q

Much less common causes of left sided pings? (4)

A
  • Bloat
  • rumen collapse
  • vagal indigestion (damage to vagus nerver preventing propper emptying of the stomachs)
  • pneumoperitoneum
38
Q

Why are RDA’s more serious though they are less common than LDA’s?

A

-can twist and become abomasal torsion/ volvulous.
- get acute intestianal obstruction, blood supply compromised, ischaemic necrosis.
cow sick, shocked, dehydrated in pain.
- immediate surgery or slaughter within hours

39
Q

diagnosis of caecal dilation?

A

palpation of dilated caecum on rectal palpation.
ping in right paralumbar fossa.
(can develop into a volvulus on free caudal end)

40
Q

treatment of caecal dilation?

A

medical management - fluids, high fibre diet.

surgery - used on dilation if persists. needed on volvulus.

41
Q

significance of gas in spiral colon?

A

none clinically. can cause ping on right hand side.

Alimentary (3 decks)

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