Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Infection > COVID-19 > Flashcards

COVID-19 Flashcards

1
Q

Covid 19 presentation ranges from what to what?

A

Mild common cold-like illness to severe viral pneumonia leading to ARDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are characteristic symptoms of covid-19?

A

Fever
Cough
SoB
Altered sense of taste/smell

Some patients may be asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cough of covid-19 normally like?

A

Usually dry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are strong risk factors for developing covid-19?

A

Residence in/travel to location reporting community transmission
Close contact with confirmed case
Old age
Residence in a long-term care facility
Male sex
BAME (black, Asian and ethnic minority)
Presence of co-morbidities (HTN, CV disease, DM, obesity, CKD, malignancy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the BAME group at increased risk of?

A

Higher risk of infection and worse outcomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What conditions predispose to a more severe illness with covid-19?

A 
CV disease
HTN
DM
Chronic respiratory disease
CKD
Malignancy
Sickle cell disease
Solid organ transplant
Smoking
Chronic liver disease
Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What kind of viruses are coronaviruses?

A

Enveloped RNA viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What kind of animals do coronaviruses tend to circulate amongst?

A

Birds and mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many subtypes of coronavirus have been discovered?

A

2 (L and S)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is covid-19 spread?

A

Direct, indirect or close contact with infected people through infected secretions, e.g. saliva or respiratory droplets which are expelled during coughing/sneezing etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is R0?

A

The reproductive number = the number of people who acquire the infection from an infected person

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

From what group of people is the virus mostly spread?

A

Symptomatic people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the incubation period of covid-19?

A

1 to 14 days (usually 5-6 days)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is it thought that covid-19 acts in the body?

A

Binds to angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor and downregulates ACE2 leading to toxic overaccumulation of angiotensin-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the WHO categories of covid-19?

A

Mild - symptomatic without evidence of hypoxia/pneumonia

Moderate - clinical signs of pneumonia but no severe pneumonia, SpO2 90+%

Severe - clinical signs of pneumonia + 1 of: RR>30, severe resp distress, SpO2 <90% on room air

Critical - ARDS, sepsis, septic shock, other complications (PE, coronary syndrome, acute stroke, delirium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the national institute of health’s clinical classification of covid-19?

A

Asymptomatic/presymptomatic - positive test, no symptoms

Mild - signs and symptoms, but no SoB, dyspnoea, or abnormal imaging

Moderate - evidence of lower resp disease by clinical assessment + SpO2 >93% on air

Severe - RR >30, SpO2<=93% on air, lung infiltrates >50%

Critical - resp failure, septic shock and/or multiple organ dsyfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who should you suspect a diagnosis of covid-19 in?

A

Those with an acute resp illness (fever + 1 of resp symptoms e.g. cough, SoB) + hx travel to/residence in location reporting community transmission of covid in the last 14 days or been in contact with confirmed/probable case in last 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Which groups of patients are more likely to present with covid-19 atypically?

A

Elderly/immunocompromised

19
Q

What bacteria most commonly cause co-infections in covid-19 patients?

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
H. influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae

20
Q

What signs may those in respiratory distress exhibit?

A 
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Cyanosis
Hypoxia
Low O2 sats
21
Q

What initial lab investigations should be done in suspected covid-19?

A 
ABG
FBC
Metabolic panel
BG
Coagulation screen 
Inflammatory markers (e.g. CRP, ESR...)
Cardiac biomarkers
Serum CK
22
Q

What other investigations might you do for those with severe/critical covid-19?

A

Blood/sputum specimens

23
Q

What test is required to confirm the diagnosis of covid-19?

A

Molecular testing (NAAT (e.g. real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2)
Do on upper resp specimens (e.g. nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab or wash) or lower resp specimens (e.g. BAL) in those with severe resp disease
Consider collecting additional clinical specimens, e.g. blood stool or urine

24
Q

In the UK who should be tested for covid-19?

A

Those with symptoms of a new continuous cough, high temperate or altered sense of taste/smell

25
Q

What is found in most CXRs of covid-19 patients?

A

Bilateral infiltrates

26
Q

What are differentials for covid-19?

A 
CAP
Influenza
Common cold
Other viral/bacterial resp infections
Aspiration pneumonia
PJP
27
Q

What investigations should be done in someone with suspected covid-19?

A 
Pulse oximetry 
ABG
FBC
Comprehensive metabolic panel 
BG
Coagulation screen 
Inflammatory markers - - CR, ESR, lactate dehydrogenase, IL-6, ferritin, amyloid A
Serum CK
Blood + sputum cultures
Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction 
CXR
28
Q

Who is considered a contact?

A

Anyone who has experienced either of the following during 2 days before and 14 days after onset of symptoms of a confirmed/probably case -

  • Face to face contact within 1m for >15m
  • Direct physical contact
  • Direct care
29
Q

What things should be done in covid-19 management?

A

Isolation
Infection prevention and control
Symptom management
Supportive care

30
Q

Where is mild/moderate covid-19 managed?

A

Can be managed at home, community facility or healthcare facility

31
Q

Where should severe covid-19 be managed?

A

Hospital

32
Q

Where should critical covid-19 be managed?

A

ITU/critical care

33
Q

What things are advised for symptom management in covid-19?

A

Fever/pain - paracetamol/ibruprofen
Cough - avoid lying on back
Olfactory dysfunction - treat after 2 weeks if persists
Advise patients re nutrition and rehydration

34
Q

What should be given to patients with covid-19 and suspected bacterial co-infection?

A

Empirical antibiotics

35
Q

Define severe covid-19 in children

A

Clinical signs of pneumonia + 1 of:

  • Central cyanosis or SpO2 <90%
  • Severe resp distress
  • General danger sign
  • Inability to breastfeed or drink, lethargy, unconsciousness or convulsions
36
Q

What can be given to patients with moderate-severe breathlessness causing distress?

A

Oxygen

Opioid and benzo combination

37
Q

What covid-19 patients should be given VTE prophylaxis?

A

Acutely ill hospitalised adults and adolescents with covid-19

38
Q

What drug should you consider giving to a covid-19 patient in hospital who requires oxygen/ventilation?

A

Low dose dexamethasone

39
Q

What experimental therapies may be used in the treatment of covid-19 infection?

A

Remdesivir
Hydroxychloroquine
Lopinavir/ritonavir
Plasma therapy

THESE SHOULD ONLY BE ADMINISTERED IN THE CONTEXT OF A CLINICAL TRIAL

40
Q

How should those with mild acute respiratory distress be managed?

A

Non-invasive ventilation (e.g. CPAP or BiPAP) or high flow nasal oxygen

Consider endotracheal intubation + mechanical ventilation in patients with acutely deteriorating patients despite the above measure

41
Q

What might you trial in patients with severe ARDS and hypoxaemia despite optimising ventilation?

A

Inhaled pulmonary vasodilator

42
Q

What VTE prophylaxis is recommended first line?

A

LMWH

43
Q

What complications are associated with covid-19?

A 
VTE
CV complications (e.g. myocarditis, heart failure, arrhythmias)
AKI
Acute liver injury
Neurological complications
Cytokine release syndrome
Acute respiratory failure
Septic shock
44
Q

What is the global case fatality rate?

A

4.4%

Infection (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions