Covalent Bonding

Question 1

Covalent bond

Answer 1

Electrostatic force of attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of the bonded atoms.

Question 2

covalent bond occurs between

Answer 2

Atmos in:
* Non-metallic elements, for example, H2 and O2
* Compounds of non-metallic elements, for example, H2O and CO2
* Polyatomic ions, for example, NH4+

Question 3

How a covalent bond forms

Answer 3

• overlap of atomic orbitals, each containing one electron, to give a shared pair of electrons.
• atoms are held together by the attraction of the positive nuclei to the pair of negative electrons in the bonding orbitals. This attraction is the covalent bond.

Question 4

Single covalent bonding

Answer 4

The electrostatic force of attraction between ONE shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of two bonded atoms

Question 5

Multiple Covalent bonding

Answer 5

electrostatic force of attraction between more than one shared pair of electrons and the nuclei of two bonded atoms

Question 6

Octet Rule

Answer 6

Electrons are shared so that atoms achieve a stable structure of 8 electrons in the outer shell similar to the noble gases

Question 7

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Answer 7

• Sulphur, phosphorus and chlorine
• Their outer shell electrons are in the n=3 shell. The n = 3 shell can occupy 18 electrons in total.
• Therefore it’s possible to have more than 8 electrons

Question 8

Dative Covalent bond

Answer 8

type of covalent bond where one atom supplies both the shared pair of electrons to the covalent bond.

Question 9

How to Determine covalent bond strength

Answer 9

• To determine the bond strength of a particular bond, an average of the energy required to break the bond in different structures containing that bond is taken.
• The larger the value of the average bond enthalpy, the stronger the covalent bond.