(CoUW) past paper mark schemes

Question 1

Outline ONE reason why levels of air pollution are so
high in many LIC/NEE cities. [2 marks]

Answer 1

Many of the vehicles are old (1) so they lack technology to reduce emissions
(1) which means they emit higher levels of particulates / have ‘dirtier’
exhausts (d) (1)

Question 2

Suggest how urban sprawl and the growth of commuter settlements have
impacts on the rural-urban fringe.
Use Figure 3 and Figure 4 and your own understanding.

Answer 2

✓ Improvements in transport infrastructure to meet commuter needs
✓ Improvements in social facilities eg pubs / leisure as there is a market
✓ Increase in the supply of housing in a pleasant area on the edge.

Question 3

Explain why creating green space is important for sustainable urban
living.
Use Figure 2 and your own understanding
(FIGURE 2)

Answer 3

Figure 2 eg:
* Use of the balconies creates space where it would otherwise not be
available in a built up urban area with high rise buildings.
* Plants on the balconies will provide a green view for the residents.
* Trees so close to the buildings will help to cool them so reducing need for
power for air conditioning.

Question 4

Explain why creating green space is important for sustainable urban
living.
Use Figure 2 and your own understanding
(Own understanding)

Answer 4

Own understanding eg:
* Trees absorb CO2 and so act as a carbon sink helping to reduce carbon
emissions.
* Trees and hedging help to absorb harmful pollutants, especially at ground
level where they are closer to the source of emissions from car exhausts.
This helps reduce illness and reduces the emissions circulating in the
atmosphere.

Question 5

Outline one reason why managing transport is important for urban
sustainability.

Answer 5

To reduce congestion (1) which will mean less time is wasted in travel so
businesses stay profitable / so people can comfortably travel to work and
won’t therefore leave the city (d) (1)

Question 6

What is meant by rural-urban migration?

Answer 6

Movement of people from the countryside to the city

Question 7

The command ‘assess’ along with ‘the extent of’ requires

Answer 7

s some judgement of
the size or difficulty in tackling the problems associated with LIC/NEE cities:

Question 8

Assess the extent of the challenges created by urban growth in
LICs/NEEs.
tips to answer

Answer 8

The question does not specify the challenges so accept any social,
economic or environmental challenges
Problem of providing services with such rapid population growth* Much of the population growth in LIC/NEE cities has been in slum areas eg
Mumbai has more than doubled from 9 million in 1991 to 20 million in 2018
with 41% (c. 8 million) living in slum settlements.
* Some 78% of community toilets in Mumbai’s slums lack water supply, 58%
have no electricity, and many don’t have proper doors, so this is toilets for 6
million people that will need to be improved, showing the size of the problem.
* Infrastructure cannot improve fast enough to cope with the demand eg
despite a BRT system and expressways many in Lagos face a 2 hour+
commute.Rapid industrial growth in emerging economies means emissions will rise
from factories faster than they can be controlled.
* Candidates may argue that the challenges themselves can be solved but the
real obstacle is corruption on the part of city / government officials so the
challenge lies there.

Question 9

Give two pull factors that encourage people to move to urban areas in
LICs/NEEs.

Answer 9

Better healthcare, improved education, more reliable electricity supplies, better
paid jobs, wider range of jobs, moving to be near family, higher standard of
living.

Question 10

Suggest why sanitation systems in cities in LICs/NEEs create challenges.
Use Figure 2 and your own understanding.

Answer 10

• These are public toilets which are shared by lots of people. Many LIC/NEE cities are growing rapidly with high levels of natural increase
  and rural to urban migration, which makes it difficult for enough facilities to
  be provided to all the people.

Question 11

Outline one advantage of recycling waste.

Answer 11

Reduces amount going to landfill (1) which cuts the amount of land needed
to bury waste (d) (1)

Question 12

Assess the importance of managing transport as part of urban
sustainability.

Answer 12

A wide range of schemes might be mentioned, eg congestion charging, road
pricing, low emission zones, car sharing, parking restrictions, park and ride
schemes, quota schemes for car ownership, petrol pricing, promoting and
improving public transport. Credit any that are reasonable.
* Promoting public transport will reduce congestion which will result in lower
emissions and improved air quality, especially NOx, with resulting benefits for
health and therefore making cities more ‘liveable’. When people want to live
in cities the population can be sustained without outflow to the suburbs,
particularly of families with children.Integrated Transport Systems, such as the one in Bristol, make living car
free possible which will reduce carbon consumption and emissions and
therefore help to combat climate change.