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Year 12 Ancient History WACE > Course Timeline > Flashcards

Course Timeline Flashcards

1
Q

486

A

Xerxes ascended the throne of Persia

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2
Q

484

A

• Xerxes began his preparations for the invasion of Greece
o A canal is cut through Chalcidice around Mount Athos
o Bridges were built over the river Strymon and other rivers in Thrace and Macedonia
o A road from Sardis into Central Greece was built to accommodate wheeled transport
o Guard posts and courier stations to protect messenger routes between central Greece and Sardis were built

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3
Q

481

A
  • The canal through Chalcidice that was ordered by Xerxes was completed
  • The Greek states that wished to oppose Persia gathered in Hellenium and created the Hellenic League
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4
Q

480

A
  • The second meeting of the Hellenic league is conducted, which results in a Greek force of 10000 hoplites being sent to Tempe
  • The league decides to make a stand at Thermopylae at a subsequent meeting, with the fleet being stationed at Artemisium
  • The battle of Thermopylae occurs in northern Greece; 300 Spartans and King Leonidas are lost. All of central Greece and Attica is left open to invasion
  • Attica and Athens are evacuated to Aegina, the Troizen and Salamis. The acropolis and the city of Athens are burnt to the ground by Xerxes.
  • The battle of Salamis occurs; the Athenian and allied navy combine to defeat the Persian navy which is crippled and forced to retreat. King Xerxes returns to Asia Minor and the Persian fleet is forced to dock in Asia Minor
  • Mardonius is made the new commander of the Persian force, retiring his army into central Greece for the winter
  • The Athenians return to Athens while the Peloponnesians defend the Isthmus of Corinth
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5
Q

479

A
  • The battle of Plataea occurs, with the Greek forces destroying the Persian army. Mardonius is killed and the Greeks go on the offensive.
  • The battle of Mycale occurs off the coast of Asia Minor. The Ionian Greeks are liberated and the Persians are forced to move on the defensive.
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6
Q

478

A

• Athens seize the leadership of the Greek forces and shortly after create the Delian League

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7
Q

476

A

• At around this time, the Delian League under the command of Cimon captures the Persian supply base of Eion off the Strymon river in Thrace

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8
Q

475

A

• The Delian League under Cimon attacks pirates operating out of the island of Scyros, removing the pirates from the island and setting up Athenian colonists

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9
Q

472

A

• The Delian League prepares to attack Carystus, a Euboean polis which was gaining all the benefits of the league but not contributing. Carystus surrenders under the terms that it will join the Delian League.

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10
Q

471

A

• Naxos attempts to leave the Delian League but is forced back into the league by Athens, losing its autonomy and becoming the first subject phoros-paying state

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11
Q

469

A

• The battle of the Eurymedon occurs, Athenian and allied forces defeat the Persian fleet off the coast of southern Asia Minor and then win a subsequent land battle on the shore. The Athenians and allies take significant spoils and the Persians are again forced to defend.

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12
Q

465

A
  • Thasos revolts after Athens attempts to assume control of their gold mines on the mainland. The Thasian navy is destroyed and Thasos is besieged.
  • Athens under Cimon attempts to set up a colony on the Strymon river at Nine ways, but the colonist are massacred by Thracian tribes
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13
Q

464

A

• Sparta suffers a severe earthquake which cripples the city and causes a significant number of helot and perioeci to revolt, eventually gathering at mount Ithome

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14
Q

463

A
  • The siege of Thasos was brought to an end, the Thasian fleet was destroyed, their walls were torn down and they became subject phoros payers as well as having to surrender the mine.
  • Cimon is brought on trial for bribery by Ephilates and Pericles, but is acquitted
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15
Q

462

A
  • Cimon leads Athens forces in Sparta to assist them against the Helots
  • Around this time and continuing into 461, the Spartans send the Athenian forces away because they fear they will insight revolution or assist the Helots
  • The Athenians are furious after their forces are sent home, subsequently making alliances with Argos and Thessaly, traditional enemies of Sparta. This was essentially a declaration of war.
  • While Cimon is away and continuing after he is ostracised, Ephilates introduces sweeping reforms to the Athenian political system, removing many of the powers of the Areopagus and giving them to the people
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16
Q

461

A
  • Cimon is ostracised by the assembly

* Megara renounces its position in the Peloponnesian league, making an Alliance with Athens instead

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17
Q

460

A

• The Athenians launched their campaign against Egypt

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18
Q

459

A
  • Athens loses at the raid of Helieis in the Argolid, but defeats a Peloponnesian fleet in the Saronic gulf at the battle of Cecryphaleia
  • The Athenians besiege Aegina, traditional Dorian ally of Sparta and member of the Peloponnesian league
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19
Q

458

A

• The Corinthians launch an attack against the Athenians by traversing through mount Geraneia, but are defeated by Athens and Megara

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20
Q

457

A
  • The Spartans cross the Corinthian gulf to prevent Doris being captured by the Phocians, but also to attempt to invade Attica
  • The Athenians meet the Spartans at Tangara in Boeotia, the Athenians being narrowly defeated, resulting in the evacuation of the Spartan army through Megara
  • Two months after the battle of Tangara the Athenians march out into Boeotia, defeating a combined army of Boeotians at the battle of Oenophyta
  • Thucydides states that the siege of Aegina comes to an end, contradicting the account of Diodorus which claims the siege ends nine months after it began
  • Athens begins the building of the long walls from the city to the Piraeus as well as the Parthenon on the Acropolis
  • Pericles may have introduced Misthophoria, giving all jurors a pay of 2 obels per day
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21
Q

456

A
  • The Athenians raid and destroy the Spartan port of Gytheum
  • Sicyon, a polis in the Peloponnese, is defeated in battle by the Athenians
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22
Q

455

A
  • The Helot revolt comes to an end, accepting Thucydides chronology that the revolt lasted ten years
  • Pericles defeats Sicyon again but fails to capture the city
  • The Athenians fail to restore Orestes, the exiled son of the King of Thessaly
  • Athens may have conquered part of the Troizen and allied with parts of Achaea
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23
Q

454

A
  • The Athenians are defeated at Egypt, losing 100-200 triremes depending on various modern historians. The defeat is significant however, and caused a loss of faith in members of the Delian League and triggered several revolts across the empire
  • Active warfare in Greece dies down
  • The Delian League treasury is moved from Delos to Athens under the justification that it needs to be protected from Persia
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24
Q

453

A

• The most accepted date for the Erythrae decree. Erythrae revolted from Athens, possible due to the Egyptian disaster, with influence from the Persians. Erythrae is subdued and sanctions are imposed in the decree, including a military garrison and a democratic constitution.

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25
Q

451

A

• Cimon, finishing his ostracism, negotiates a five-year truce with the Spartans which will run to 446

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26
Q

450

A

• Cimon launches a campaign against Cyprus with 200 Athenian and allied ships, winning two major victories on land and sea but dying on campaign

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27
Q

449

A
  • Negotiation between Athens and Persia concludes in a peace treaty known as the Peace of Callias, recognizing the independence of the Asiatic Greeks and Athenian naval dominance in the Aegean
  • The Athenians as a result of the peace with Persia suspend the tribute payments for this year (449/448)
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28
Q

448

A
  • The Spartans begin the sacred war, getting hold of the sanctuary at Delphi and restoring it to the Delphians
  • Athens intervenes at Delphi, returning Delphi to the Phocians and removing Spartan influence from central Greece
29
Q

447

A

• An uprising in Boeotia threatens Athenian influence in central Greece, an Athenian force sent out is initially successful but is cornered and defeated at the battle of Coroneia. Athens are forced to evacuate central Greece.

30
Q

446

A
  • Several of the poleis on the island of Euboea revolt resulting in Pericles leading an army out to subdue them
  • Megara revolts from Athens, slaughters the Athenian garrison and re-joins the Peloponnesian league. Pericles is forced to come back to Athens to defend it from Peloponnesian forces.
  • After the five-year truce expires, the Peloponnesian league promptly sends an army into Attica under the leadership of King Pleistoanax and raids the countryside
  • Pericles strikes a deal with King Pleistoanax, causing the retreat of the Spartan army and allowing Pericles to leave to subdue the Euboean revolt.
31
Q

445

A
  • Athens and Sparta ratify the thirty years peace, an agreement in which both states agree not to meddle in the affairs of each-others states and allies
  • King Pleistoanax is banished from Sparta due to his poor judgment in the field of Attica
32
Q

442

A

• Thucydides, son of Melesias, is ostracised under the influence of Pericles and the lower classes

33
Q

441

A

• Samos and Miletus engage in a dispute over the town of Priene off the coast of Asia Minor, causing Athens to interfere and install a garrison in Samos as well as taking hostages to Lesbos

34
Q

440

A
  • Samian exiles rescue the hostages on Lesbos, re-capture Samos and declare open war against Athens, receiving assistance from Persia and appealing to Sparta for help
  • Sparta is out-voted in the Peloponnesian League and is forced to not intervene in the Samian revolt
  • The Samian fleet is eventually destroyed and the city surrenders after a nine-month siege. Byzantium, which revolted with Samos, is also subdued.
35
Q

437

A

• Amphipolis is founded as an Athenian colony in Thrace to secure Athenian timber reserves

36
Q

436

A

• Pericles conducts an expedition into the Black Sea to secure Athenian grain interests

37
Q

435

A
  • Epidamnus undergoes civil war between the democrats, backed by the Corinthians, and the Oligarchs, backed by the Corcyraeans
  • The Corcyraeans with a fleet of 80 ships defeat the Corinthians with a fleet of 75 ships at the battle of Leukimme
38
Q

434

A
  • Outraged by their defeat at Leukimme, the Corinthians begin to build a new fleet including several Peloponnesian contingents
  • The Corinthians and Corcyraeans both send embassies to Athens, Corcyra trying to receive Athenian support and Corinth urging the Athenians not to interfere
  • Athens signs a defensive alliance with Corcyra, sending a fleet of 10 ships under Lacedaemonius to assist the Corcyraeans
39
Q

433

A
  • Corinth defeats the Corcyraean fleet at the battle of Sybota, but the Corinthians are prevented from besieging Corcyra due to the presence of Athenian ships
  • Corinth accuses Athens of breaking the Thirty Years Peace, and now begins to try convince Sparta to go to war with Athens
40
Q

432

A
  • The Athenian assembly passes a collection of decrees referred to as the Megarian Decree, which embargos Megara, preventing them from trading in Athens or the Athenian empire
  • The Athenians demand the total subjugation of Potidaea, which causes Potidaea to revolt with assistance from Corinth
  • The Corinthian and Potidaean forces are defeated by Athens, who now begin to siege Potidaea
  • Aegina complains to Sparta stating that their promised autonomy under the Thirty Years Peace had been violated
41
Q

431

A
  • Sparta issues three ultimatums to the Athenians, to end the curse of Pericles, to revoke the Megarian Decree and free Aegina, and lastly to give freedom to the Greeks. Athens denies all three, which officially begins the Peloponnesian War.
  • The first hostile action of the Peloponnesian war occurs when Thebes unsuccessfully tried to besiege Plataea, resulting in the capture of several thousand Thebans
  • Sparta conducts her first raid of Attica in company of her allies, totalling a force of 40 000. They pillage the countryside before returning home after several weeks
  • Athens begins her invasion of the Megarid, which would continue twice a year until 424
42
Q

430

A
  • The plague breaks out in Athens, causing widespread death and Hysteria
  • Sparta invades Attica
  • Pericles launches the first Athenian coastal raid of the Peloponnese
  • Potidaea surrenders to Athens after a prolonged siege
  • Weakened by the plague, Athens attempts to make Peace with Sparta, but Sparta refuses
  • Pericles is suspended as general for a short time after the people blame him for the Plague
  • Pericles delivers his famous funeral oration
43
Q

429

A
  • Sparta forgoes invading Attica due to fear of the plague, besieging Plataea instead
  • Hagnon, son of Nicias, leads a force of 4000 hoplites to relieve the Athenians besieging Potidaea, however 1050 of them die from the plague
  • The city of Potidaea capitulates to the Athenians after a long and costly siege
  • Pericles is killed by the Plague
44
Q

428

A
  • Mytilene revolts from Athens
  • The Athenian plague dies down in Athens
  • Sparta invades Attica
45
Q

427

A
  • Plataea capitulates to Sparta
  • Mytilene is subdued by the Athenians. In Athens, a debate occurs where Cleon argues to slaughter all the Mytileneans, however he loses and a less harsh option is chosen.
  • Sparta invades Attica
  • The Athenians send 20 ships to assist their Sicilian ally Leontini
46
Q

426

A
  • Athens sends a further 40 ships to assist Leontini in Sicily
  • The Plague in Athens resurfaces, resulting in additional deaths
  • Sparta forgoes invading Attica due to earthquakes that had occurred in Laconia
  • Nicias wins a battle at Tangara against Boeotians, returning home
47
Q

425

A
  • The Athenian general Demosthenes persuades Sophocles and Eurymedon to establish a fort at Pylos while on an expedition to Western Greece. Sparta attempts to seize the fort, however Cleon and Demosthenes are able to trap the Spartans, causing the surrender of over 400 Spartans, including 120 Spartiates
  • Cleon passes the Thoudippas decree, increasing the tribute from 600 talents a year to 1400-1500 talents a year
  • Nicias attacks Corinthian territory with a combined land and sea force consisting of 80 ships, successfully defeating the Corinthians in a pitched battle
  • A Persian delegation on its way to Sparta is captured by Athens, revealing the lack of progress made between Spartan-Persian negotiation
48
Q

424

A
  • Demosthenes and Hippocrates attempt to attack Boeotia, but Demosthenes is blocked from entering the plane and outnumbered, Hippocrates is killed at the battle of Delium
  • Athens attempts to take the city of Megara by inciting democratic revolt, however Brasidas prevents the city from capitulating at the last second. The Athenians do manage to capture the port of Nisaea.
  • Brasidas makes an alliance with Kind Perdicus and marches into Thrace, causing the revolt of Athenian allies in the area
  • Brasidas captures the Athenian city of Amphipolis
  • Thucydides the historian is banished by the influence of Cleon after he fails to act in a timely fashion during the capture of Amphipolis
  • Athens establishes a base at Cythera, using it to lead naval raids into the Peloponnese
49
Q

423

A
  • A one year’s truce is agreed between Athens and Sparta, which is promptly soured by Brasidas accepting the revolting allies of Scione and Mende
  • King Perdicus makes peace with Athens, effectively alienating Brasidas
  • It is possible that Athens may have signed a treaty with Persia, similar to that of the Peace of Callias
50
Q

422

A
  • Cleon is sent to Thrace in order to regain Athenian control in the region, resulting in the recapture of Torone and the capitulation of Mende
  • Cleon and Brasidas fight a pitched battled outside Amphipolis, resulting in a Spartan victory but both generals are killed
51
Q

421

A
  • Both Athens and Sparta yearning for peace, the Peace of Nicias is signed which forces both states into a 50-year truce. Spartan allies refuse to sign the Peace.
  • Spartan fear of revolt incites them to sign a 50-year alliance with Athens
  • The Spartan truce with Argos comes to an end, with Argos creating a new league in opposition to Sparta and several Peloponnesian states joining it
  • Athens returns the prisoners captured on Sphacteria and stops launching raids from Pylos
52
Q

420

A
  • The Spartan commander at Amphipolis refuses to hand over Amphipolis to the Athenians, and the Boeotians refuse to hand over Panactum, which in turn lead Athens to refuse to evacuate Pylos and Cythera
  • Sparta signs an alliance with Boeotia in order to get them to hand back Panactum to Athens, which they do, but not before burning it to the ground
  • As a result of the Boeotians burning Panactum, the Athenians enter into the Argive alliance under the advice of Alcibiades
53
Q

419

A
  • Argos invades Epidaurus, failing to capture the city
  • Alcibiades is re-elected general in Athens but Nicias is not
  • Athens relaunches her raids from Pylos using ex-helots
54
Q

418

A
  • Nicias is elected general in Athens but Alcibiades is not
  • Argos and Sparta lead armies against each other, but Thrasyllus and Agis sign a truce to avoid fighting
  • After Alcibiades arrives with Athenian support, Argos attacks the Spartans resulting in their decisive defeat at the battle of Mantinea
  • Argos becomes subject to Sparta, and Sparta resolidifies her hegemony of the Peloponnesian League
55
Q

417

A

• The Athenians hold an ostracism called by Hyperbolus in an attempt to get rid of Nicias, however Nicias and Alcibiades combine to ostracise Hyperbolus instead

56
Q

416

A
  • Athens receives an embassy from Egesta about war in Sicily, sending an Athenian delegation to investigate
  • The Athenians attack and besiege Melos, making it subject to the Athenian empire
57
Q

415

A
  • After significant debate in the assembly between Nicias and Alcibiades, the Athenians send a total force of over 120 ships, 5100 hoplites and several allied soldiers to Sicily with the aim of defeating Syracuse
  • The Hermae are mutilated the night before the Sicilian expedition was expected to leave
  • Alcibiades is recalled form the expedition and defects to Sparta
  • After defeating Syracuse in battle, the Athenian expedition winters in Catana
58
Q

414

A
  • The Athenian expedition begins to siege Syracuse and is initially successful, however the death of Lamachus and arrival of the Spartan officer Gylippus mark a significant turn in the siege
  • Nicias writes to Athens for assistance, resulting in the assembly sending a further reinforcement of 5000 hoplites and 100 ships under Demosthenes and Eurymedon
59
Q

413

A
  • Demosthenes reinforcement fleet arrives; however its effectiveness is mitigated when the Athenians lose three naval battles in the Great Harbour
  • The Athenians are finally defeated in Syracuse after they attempt to march out in to Sicily. The entire Athenian fleet is destroyed and a total manpower of around 40 000 is lost
  • The Spartans seize the fort of Decelea and use it as a base to raid the Attica until the end of the war
  • The Spartans with their allies endeavour to build a new fleet of 100 triremes and challenge Athens at sea
  • Sparta signs the first treaty with the Persian satrap Tissaphernes, sacrificing on paper all Greeks that had formerly medized to the Persians
60
Q

412

A
  • The Spartans send their newly built navy to support Chios in its revolt from Athens
  • Athenian allies revolted, including Erythrae, Clazomenae, Teos, Miletus, Lebedos, Arae, Methymna and Mytilene
  • Tissaphernes subdues the revolt of Amorges
  • Alcibiades persuades Tissaphernes to wane his support for the Persians
  • Alcibiades sets the stage for the oligarchic revolution in Athens however he fails to persuade Tissaphernes to ally with the Athenians
61
Q

411

A
  • Mindarus is chosen as admiral of the Spartan fleet and, frustrated with Tissaphernes, relocated the fleet to the Hellespontine region with assistance from Pharnabazus
  • Mindarus attacks the Athenian fleet at Cynossema, resulting in a loss for the Spartans
62
Q

410

A

• Sparta is decisively defeated by the Athenian fleet at the battle of Cyzicus, resulting in the death of Mindarus and the loss of over 40 ships

63
Q

409

A

• The Sicilian fleet leaves the Peloponnesian fleet after being recalled back home to fight the Carthaginians

64
Q

408

A

• Thrasyllus is able to recover the cities of Chalcedon and Byzantium after defeating the forces of Pharnabazus

65
Q

407

A
  • A Spartan embassy returns from Susa, successful in gaining the full support of King Darius, who sent his son Cyrus to lead the Persian assistance with Sparta
  • Lysander is elected Nauarch
  • The Battle of Notium occurred, in which the Spartan fleet under Lysander engaged and routed the Athenian fleet under Antiochus. Alcibiades, who had left Antiochus in charge, was exiled from Athens as a result
66
Q

406

A
  • Lysander is replaced as Nauarch by Callicratidas
  • The Athenians defeat the Spartans at the battle of Arginusae, destroying over 70 Peloponnesian ships
  • The Athenians put to death 6 out of the 10 generals who led the Athenians at Arginusae for not rescuing Athenian sailors after the battle
67
Q

405

A
  • Lysander is reinstated as the effective Nauarch after appeals from the Ionians and Persians
  • The Athenians are decisively defeated at the battle of Aegospotami when Lysander outsmarts the Athenian general Conon. The entire Athenian fleet is captured and destroyed
  • Lysander sails throughout the Aegean and installs oligarchies in the ‘liberated’ Athenian allies
68
Q

404

A

• After a prolonged siege the Athenians surrender to the Spartans

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