course outcome 3 Flashcards
earth's resources
energy resources
metals
non-metallic resources
renewable resources
nonrenewable resources
types of geologic resources
petroleum (oil and natural gas), coal,
uranium, geothermal resources
energy resources
iron, copper, aluminum, lead, zinc, gold, silver, platinum.
metals
sand and gravel, limestone, building
stone, salt, sulfur, gems, gypsum, phosphates, groundwater, etc
non-metallic resources
replenished by natural
processes fast enough that people can use them
continuously.
renewable resources
form very slowly and are
extracted and used must faster than they can be
renewed naturally.
nonrenewable resources
the total
amount of any given
geologic material of
potential economic
interest, discovered and
undiscovered
resource
discovered
deposits of geologic
resources that can be
extracted economically
and legally under
present conditions
reserves
It refers to the combination of
various primary energy resources
(carbon-based and non-carbon
based) used to meet the energy
needs in a geographic region.
These primary energy resources
are used for:
Power generation
Fuel for transport
Heating and Cooling of residential
areas and industrial
energy mix
carbon-based sources
noncarbon-based sources
renewable sources
non-renewable sources
Classification of energy sources
obtained from the oxidation or burning of carbon
carbon-based sources
Do not generate carbon dioxide
Noncarbon-based sources
naturally replenished in a human timescale; constantly
replaced
renewable sources
finite and becomes depleted over time with continued use
non-renewable sources
a sedimentary rock that
forms from the compaction of
plant material that has not
completely decayed.
Peat – unconsolidated plant
material.
Lignite– (brown coal) is soft and
crumbly.
Sub-bituminous and
bituminous – (soft coal) is black
and dusty, burns with a smoky
flame, is commonly strip mined.
Anthracite – (hard coal), shiny
and dust-free, burns with a
smokeless flame, low level
metamorphic rock.
coal
occurs in underground pools and
requires:
Source rock rich in organic
matter.
Reservoir rock in which it can be
stored and transmitted (for
example, sandstone).
Structural (or Oil) trap, a set of
conditions holding rock in
reservoir rock and preventing
migration.
Deep burial and sufficient time
to cook the oil and gas out of the
organic matter.
petroleum and natural gas
regions underlain by
one or more oil pools.
Oil and natural gas are removed
through wells drilled down into
an oil trap within a reservoir
rock.
Negative environmental effects
resulting from oil recovery and
transport include oil spills,
brine contamination of surface
water, and ground subsidence
oil fields
currently estimated
to last another 50 years at current
rates of use, worldwide
oil reserves
danger to miners
contribution to climate change (mainly carbon dioxide)
atmospheric pollution in the form of acid rain (mainly
sulfuric acid)
surface and groundwater pollution due to acid mine
drainage (mainly sulfuric acid)
emission of toxic elements to the atmosphere (especially
mercury)
ash waste impoundment failures
effects of coal mining and use
ost rocks are largely left in
place and coal is removed by trucks, conveyor bells, or
rail.
underground mining
oal seams are at a shallow level and
the relatively thin overburden is removed.
surface mining
large bucket machines first remove the
overburden followed by the coal
strip mining
explosives remove the
overburden and the exposed coal is removed
mountaintop removal mining
caused by atmospheric
emissions of sulfur dioxide and
nitrogen oxides from burning fossil
fuels, mainly coal.
Coal contains varying amounts of
sulfur, commonly in the form of
pyrite, which becomes oxidized to
sulfur dioxide when the coal is
burned.
Sulfur in the form of pyrite can be
removed mechanically, addition of
limestone and water to flue gases
acid rain
geothermal energy
solar energy
wind power
hydroelectric power
renewable energy sources
Heat energy
from beneath the Earth’s surface
geothermal energy
uses photovoltaic
cells to generate electricity
solar energy
use of wind turbines
to generate electricity
wind power
use of falling
water to turn a turbine and
generate electricity
hydroelectric power
use of tidal
changes to spin turbines
and generate electricity
tidal power
captures
the energy of waves to
generate electricity;
mostly experimental
technology.
wave power
fuels derived
from biologic (recently
dead) matter such as
ethanol and vegetable oil.
biofuels
Seismicity
Drilling exploratory wells in geothermal areas can induce
earthquakes by hydrofracturing
Disposal of Effluent Water
Leakage of water from water reservoirs, or - Disposal of
wastewater in deep rock formations
negative environmental impacts of geothermal energy
erosion and sedimentation
low water levels downstream
high water levels upstream
ecosystem damage
displaced population
methane emissions
earthquakes
negative impacts of hydroelectric dams
Use large amounts of steel compared to fossil fuel
plants
Noise
Spoiling of scenic views
Hazards to bird migrations
negative impacts of wind energy
Large solar arrays are not compatible with agricultural land.
Desert environments, however, generally do not compete with
agricultural land, and provide abundant sunshine, making them
suitable for solar electricity production.
negative impacts of solar energy
energy released by a heavy nucleus when it is broken
into two smaller nuclei due to bombardment by
neutrons with the consequent release of radiation and
large amounts of heat
non-renewable and mainly uses uranium, plutonium
and thorium as its fuel source
no combustion reactions involved
nuclear energy
Henri Becquerel discovered
the natural radioactivity of
uranium in 1806.
The artificial radioactivity in
uranium can be produced by
bombarding the nucleus
with neutrons.
Being uncharged, neutrons
can easily enter the nucleus
of an atom and split it into
two smaller atoms of about
same size – Fission
nuclear fission
Republic Act No. 2067
Science Act of 1958
Created the Philippine Atomic Energy Commission
(PAEC)
Republic Act No. 5207
Atomic Energy Regulatory and Liability Act of
1968
Established the comprehensive nuclear regulatory
function of PAEC that is to provide the licensing and
regulation of atomic energy facilities and materials
Executive Order No. 784
Placed PAEC under National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA)
Executive Order No. 128
In 1987, PAEC became the Philippine Nuclear
Research Institute (PNRI)
nuclear energy
radiation
nuclear waste disposal
impacts of nuclear energy
a naturally
occurring, inorganic,
crystalline solid that has a
specific chemical
composition.
Forms in the geosphere,
hydrosphere, biosphere, and
even the atmosphere.
Consistent and recognizable
physical and chemical
properties.
mineral
aggregates of
minerals.
rocks
Atoms must be in close proximity to
each other for bonding to occur.
Opposite charges allow the ions to
be “glued” in place as their charges
are neutralized.
Creates regular arrangements of
atoms in crystalline structures.
The Silicate minerals are a very
important group of minerals formed
from the two most common
elements in the crust – silicon and
oxygen.
crystalline structures
Strongly bonded silicate
ion.
Basic structure for
silicate minerals:
Isolated Silicate
Structure.
Chain Silicates.
Sheet Silicates.
Framework Silicates.
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
The more shared Oxygen atoms per
tetrahedra, the more complex the
silicate structure.
Isolated tetrahedra (none shared).
Chain silicates (2 shared).
Double–chain silicates (alternating 2
and 3 shared).
Sheet silicates (3 shared).
Framework silicates (4 shared).
silicate structures
carbonates
sulfates
sulfides
oxides
native elements
non- silicate minerals
a
range of compositions in
common silicate
minerals.
solid solutions series
when
minerals with the same
composition have
different crystalline
structures such as
graphite and diamond.
polymorphism
rock-forming minerals
identification of minerals
physical properties of minerals
visible hue of a
mineral.
color
color left behind
when mineral is scraped
on unglazed porcelain.
streak
way light reflects
off surface of a mineral.
luster
scratch–
resistance.
hardness
external geometric form
external crystal form
breakage along flat planes
due to weaker bonds.
Defined by the number of planes and
angle between them
cleavage
irregular breakage:
Occurs when minerals break along strong bonds.
Some minerals don’t have weak bonds
fracture
density relative to that of water.
The specific gravity of water is 1, quartz is 2.65, galena is
7.5, gold is 19.3.
You can feel these differences when holding mineral
samples.
specific gravity
striations
magnetism
double refraction
chemical tests
special properties
straight parallel
lines on the flat surfaces of
crystal faces
striations
attracted to magnet
magnetism
two
images are visible when looking
through the mineral
double refraction
calcite
effervesces (bubbles) in dilute
HCl.
chemical tests
minerals that form from a crystallizing
liquid such as silicates and carbonates.
Liquid could be magma, water, or other solutions
precipitates
mineral formed from the actions
of living organisms such as coral reefs.
biological activity
minerals that form as gases from
volcanic vents crystallize into solids such as sulfur
sublimination
metal ores
ores formed by igneous processes
crystal settling
hydrothermal fluids
contact metamorphic deposits
hydrothermal veins
disseminated deposits
hot-spring deposits
metallic resources
construction materials
fertilizers and evaporities
gemstones
asbestos, glass sand, fluorite, diatomite, graphite
nonmetallic resources
Chemical Precipitation in Layers.
Banded Iron, Manganese and
Copper Ores.
Placer Deposits – concentration
of mineral deposits by stream
processes.
Gold, platinum, diamonds and
other gemstones.
Concentration by Weathering.
Aluminum Ore – Bauxite
ores
Forms when magma
cools.
Sulfide minerals
would crystallize early
and sink to the
bottom of the
magma chamber
(Gravity settling) and
accumulate
magmatic concentration deposit
Involves the circulation of
hot-water solutions
through a magma or
through the rock
surrounding an igneous
intrusion
The fluids dissolve metals
and when it enters a
different environment it
would precipitate
hydrothermal deposit
Deposits of copper-zinc-
lead concentrated on the
ocean floor at divergent and
convergent boundaries
Formed due to black
smokers and white smokers
which are ocean ridge vents
that release hydrothermal
fluids.
Accumulate by the growth
and collapse of black
smoker chimneys forming
layered or lens-shaped
deposits
volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit
Principal source of copper
When silica-rich magma
intrudes and fractures the
host rock.
Magma emplacement and
hydrothermal fluid
circulation lead to the
precipitation of metals in a
complex network of veins
porphyry deposit
Largest and most important iron
deposits
Formed from the chemical
precipitation in shallow marine
environments around 1.8 to 2.5
billion years ago.
Consist of alternating iron-rich and
silica-rich layers.
Could be several hundred meters
thick and encompassing >100km²
in area.
Precambrian Banded
Iron Formation from Michigan
Note the alternating layers of quartz
and magnetite
banded iron deposit
MVT or Mississippi-Valley Type
Rain would percolate downward to the bottom of the basin where
temperatures are high enough to dissolve metals
Water would rise into cooler areas where metals would
precipitate.
MVT ore
Due to weathering, surface
waters could oxidize ore
minerals and yield acidic
solvents that dissolve other
minerals.
Oxidized ores could be
leached of valuable
materials and then brought
downwards.
It is then brought to below
the water table where it
precipitates thus a zone
known as supergene sulfide
enrichment
secondary-enrichment deposit
When rainwater leaches
elements but leaves
behind others as part of
the process of forming
soil.
The residue left can
include concentrations of
iron, aluminum or nickel.
Laterite profile
Iron = laterite zone
Nickel = saprolite zone
residual mineral deposit
Develop when rocks
containing native
metals erode
Nuggets or metal
flakes of metals such
as gold would
accumulate in sand or
gravel along the
course of rivers
placer deposit
Contact metasomatic deposits
Form due to the hydrothermal
fluids that are released from
magma which would alter the
country rock (usually
carbonate) to form a complex
assemblage of minerals
EXOSKARN - develops in any
sedimentary country rock
ENDOSKARN - develops in
igneous country rocks
skarn
Aggregation of ore
minerals and gangue
which one or more
metals may be
extracted at a profit
ore
Associated, usually
worthless,
nonmetallic
minerals of a deposit
gangue
can be done at Earth’s surface or
underground; metals mined include iron, copper,
aluminum, lead, zinc, silver, gold and many others.
Strip Mining.
Open-pit Mining.
Placer Mining - Panning, Sluice boxes,
Hydraulic.
Underground/bedrock mining.
Negative environmental effects of mining.
Tailings piles, surface scars, land subsidence,
and acid mine drainage can be minimized.
mining
The science and
technology of
extracting metals
from their natural
sources and
preparing them for
practical use
metallurgy
A movable object with no direct use that is discarded
permanently
Waste Classification based on their components
Solid
Liquid
gaseous
Waste classification based on generator
Municipal
Commercial
Industrial or Agricultural
waste
solid and liquid wastes resulting from the ordinary day-
to-day consumption of goods and services in a
household
Disposed food scraps, bottles, cans
municipal or domestic wastes
wastes produced from business or trade; also included
are wastes due to sports, recreation, education or
entertainment
Rubbish from food establishments (food wrappers
and container)
commercial wastes
wastes resulting from the manufacture of goods
Effluents/wastewater from industries
industrial wastes
wastes resulting from treatments of illnesses and trauma
Disposed medical gloves, medicine containers,
syringes
medical wastes
wastes resulting from agricultural processes
Excess fertilizer and pesticide solutions
agricultural wastes
wastes resulting from mining and ore processing
wastes from the extraction and production of coal
Mine tailings, slag, wastewater with dissolved heavy
metals
mining wastes
all wastes resulting from the discovery, extraction and
processing of oil and natural gas; also, wastes generated
from drilling
Gases such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide
oil and gas wastes
wastes as by-products of nuclear power plants and/or
other radioactive activities
Spent nuclear fuels, radioactive materials
nuclear wastes
creates favorable conditions for pathogen/microbial growth
when wastes ferment
handling of can result in various types of infectious and chronic
diseases
organic domestic waste
direct exposure can lead to diseases through chemical exposure
hazardous waste exposure
disposal of industrial hazardous waste with municipal waste can
expose people to chemical and radioactive hazards.
Contamination of the water body or the ground water source
when wastes are dumped near water bodies accumulation
of toxic substances in the food chain through the plants and
animals that feed on it.
waste from agriculture and industries
requires special attention since this can create major health
hazards.
disposal of hospital and other medical waste
Improperly operated incineration plants air pollution
Improperly managed and designed landfills attract all types
of insects and rodents
Ideally these sites should be located at a safe distance from all
human settlement. Landfill sites should be well lined and
walled to ensure that there is no leakage into the nearby
ground water sources.
waste treatment and disposal sites
isolation
incineration
attenuation
3 categories of disposal of solid and liquid wastes
encapsulating, burying or in some other way removing
waste from environment
isolation
burning of trash leaving behind a smaller volume residue
to be isolated/attenuated
incineration
diluting or spreading of trash/pollutant so thinly so as to
have little impact
attenuation
Semisolid by-product of sewage treatments
Maybe used as fertilizers. However sludge from industries
must be properly disposed since they contain heavy metals
and other toxic substances
sewage sludge
Methane gas, generated when anaerobic microorganisms
digest/ferment wastes in a landfill, can pose problems in
landfills if not handled properly
Leakage may cause unexpected explosions
Can be utilized as fuel if extracted and purified properly
landfill gas generation
Leachate from landfills
may contaminate
groundwater if not
properly managed
Poorly operated landfills
may form an
underground area of
polluted groundwater
(contaminant plume)
due to leachate
infiltration
leachate pollution
recycling
composting
multi land-use strategies
nuclear waste disposal
special situations on waste management
