Course 2: Pathophysiology Etiology Flashcards by Mary Parianos

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): Etiology?

Narrowing of the coronary arteries limits blood supply to the heart muscle causing angina (chest pain specifically due to heart muscle ischemia)

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Myocardial Infarction (MI) STEMI/non-STEMI: Etiology?

Acute blockage of the coronary arteries results in ischemia and infarct of the heart muscle.

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Congestive Heart Failure (CHF): Etiology?

The heart becomes enlarged, inefficient, and congested with excess fluid.

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Atrial Fibrillation (A-Fib): Etiology?

Electrical abnormalities in the “wiring” of the heart caused the atria to quiver abnormally.

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Pulmonary Embolism (PE): Etiology?

A blood clot becomes lodged in the pulmonary artery and blocks blood flow to the lungs.

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Pneumonia (PNA): Etiology?

Infiltrate (bacterial infection) and inflammation in the lungs.

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Pneumothorax (PTX): Etiology?

Collapsed lung due to trauma or a spontaneous small rupture of the lung.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Etiology?

Long-term damage to the lung’s alveoli (emphysema) along with inflammation and mucous production (chronic bronchitis)

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Reactive Airway Disease (RAD): Etiology?

Constricting of the airways due to inflammation and muscular contraction of the bronchioles, known as a “bronchospasm”.

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Ischemic CVA: Etiology?

Blockage of the arteries supplying blood to the brain resulting in permanent brain damage.

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Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA): Etiology?

Vascular changes temporarily deprive a part of the brain of oxygen (symptoms usually last less than 1 hour)

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Meningitis- Bacterial v Viral: Etiology?

Inflammation and infection of the meninges; the sac surrounding the brain and spinal cord

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Spinal Cord Injury: Etiology?

Injury to the spinal cord may create weakness or numbness in the extremities past the site of injury

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Seizure (Sz): Etiology?

Abnormal electrical activity in the brain leading to abnormal physical manifestations. Often caused by epilepsy, EtOH withdrawals, or febrile sz in pediatric pts.

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Bells Palsy: Etiology?

Inflammation or viral infection of the facial nerve causes one-sided weakness of the entire face.

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Headache (HA) – Cephalgia: Etiology?

Various causes including hypertensive HA (from high BP), recurrent diagnosed migraines, sinusitis, etc.

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Altered Mental Status (AMS): Etiology?

Multiple causes: most common are hypoglycemia, infection, intoxication, and neurological.

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Syncope (Fainting): Etiology?

Temporary loss of blood supply to the brain resulting in loss of consciousness. There are a variety of causes; most common are vasovagal and low blood volume (dehydration/hypovolemia). Occassionally, syncope occurs due to cardiac/neurologic causes.

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Vertigo (Room Spinning): Etiology?

Caused by two etiologies: the vertigo may be from a harmless problem of the inner ear (benign positional vertigo) or it may be caused due to damage in a specific center the brain (possible CVA).

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Appendicitis (APPY): Etiology?

Infection of the appendix causes inflammation and blockage, possibly leading to rupture.

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Small Bowel Obstruction (SBO): Etiology?

Physical blockage of the small intestine

Gallstones (Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis): Etiology?

Minerals from the liver’s bile condense to form gallstones, which can irritate, inflame, or obstruct the gallbladder

Gastointestinal Bleed (GI Bleed): Etiology?

Hemorrhage in the upper or lower GI tract can lead to anemia

Diverticulitis: Etiology?

Acute inflammation and infection of abnormal pockets of the large intestine, known as diverticuli

Pancreatitis: Etiology?

Inflammation of the pancreas

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Etiology?

Stomach acid regurgitating into the esophagus

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Etiology?

Infection in the urinary tract (bladder or urethra)

Pyelonephritis: Etiology?

Infection of the tissue in the kidneys, usually spread from a UTI

Kidney Stone (Nephrolithiasis): Etiology?

A kidney stone dislodges from the kidney and begins traveling down the ureter. The stone scrapes and irritates the ureter, causing severe flank pain and bloody urine.

Ectopic Pregnancy: Etiology?

Fertilized egg develops outside the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube. High risk for rupture and death

Ovarian Torsion: Etiology?

Twisting of an ovarian artery reducing blood flow to an ovary, possibly resulting in infarct of the ovary

Testicular Torsion: Etiology?

Twisting of the spermatic cord resulting in loss of blood flow and nerve function to the testicle

Upper Respiratory Infection (URI): Etiology?

Most often viral infection causes congestion, cough, and inflammation of the upper airway

Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat): Etiology?

Bacterial infection of the tonsils and pharynx causing a sore throat and frequently swollen lymph nodes.

Otitis Media (Middle Ear Infection): Etiology?

Viral or bacterial infection of the tympanic membrane (TM) causing ear pain and pressure.

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye): Etiology?

Infection of the outer lining of the eye, known as the conjunctiva

Epistaxis (Nosebleed): Etiology?

Rupture of a blood vessel inside the nose causes blood to flow out the nose and into the throat.

Musculoskeletal Back Pain: Etiology?

Deterioration or strain of the back creates pain that is worse with movement

Extremity Injury: Etiology?

Trauma creates pain/swelling in an extremity.

Aortic Dissection: Etiology?

Separation of the muscular wall from the membrane of the artery, putting the patient at risk of aortic rupture and death.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Etiology?

Blood slows down while flowing through long straight veins in the extremities; slow-flowing blood is more likely to clot. Once formed the clot can continue to grow and eventually occlude (block) the vein.

Abscess (Cellulitis with Fluctuance): Etiology?

Skin infection with an underlying collection of pus

Cellulitis: Etiology?

Infection of the skin cells

Rash: Etiology?

Changes in the skin’s appearance due to systemic or localized reaction. May be caused from medication, virus, bacteria, fungus, insect, etc.

Allergic Reaction: Etiology?

Immune response causing an inflammatory reaction consisting of swelling, itching (pruritis), and rash

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA): Etiology?

Shortage of insulin resulting in hyperglycemia and production of ketones.

Psychological Disorder: Etiology?

Various types of psychological disease produce abnormal thoughts, behaviors, or actions

Trauma: Etiology?

Depending on the mechanism of injury (MOI), physical trauma may break bones, sever nerves, rupture blood vessels, or damage internal organs.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA): Etiology?

Widened and weakened arterial wall at risk of rupture.

Hemorrhagic CVA (Brain Bleed): Etiology?

Traumatic or spontaneous rupture of blood vessels in the head leads to bleeding in the brain.