Couples

Question 1

Young and willmott( march of progress)
Symmetrical family:

Answer 1

• women now work
• men help with housework and childcare
• couples spend their leisure time together instead of separately

Question 2

Ann Oakley

Answer 2

Only 15% of husbands had a high level of participation in housework and only 25% in childcare
Men only took part in pleasurable activities

Question 3

Boulton

Answer 3

Fewer than 20% of husbands had a major role in childcare.
Argue that young and willmott over exaggerate men’s role by overlooking the responsibilities , husbands only focus on one task rather than. The child’s well being

Question 4

Support MOP- Gershuny

Answer 4

Women working full time is leading to a equal division of labour, women do less domestic tasks

Question 5

Support MOP- Sullivan

Answer 5

Trend towards women doing smaller share of domestic tasks and men doing more. Men are increasingly taking part in traditional ‘women’s’ tasks

Question 6

Feminist view

Answer 6

Women going into paid work has not led to greater equality in the division of DL
There is still little sign to the ‘new man’

Question 7

British social attitude survey-2012

Answer 7

Men did 8 hours of housework a week compared to 13 for women

Men spend 10 hours on care for family members compared to 23 hours for women
Women do twice as much as men

Question 8

Supporting boulton- Ferri and Smith

Answer 8

Fathers took responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families

Question 9

‘Emotion work’- Hochschild

Answer 9

Women are responsible for managing the emotions and feelings of family members while exercising their own emotions

Question 10

Duncombe and marsden- TRIPLE SHIFT

Answer 10

Women have a ‘triple shift’ of housework, paid work and emotion work

Question 11

Southerton

Answer 11

Another responsibility for mothers is coordinating, scheduling and managing family ‘quality time’ together

This has changed in todays society with a flexible society

Men are likely to have uninterrupted leisure time whereas women’s leisure time is spent with the child- women are carrying a dual burden

Question 12

Gershuny vs British social attitudes

Answer 12

Gershuny suggested a move towards greater equality where as the British social attitudes show continuing inequality

Question 13

Cultural/ ideological explanation for inequality

Answer 13

The division of labour is based on patriarchal norms and values shaping gender roles and our culture. Society socialises women into doing more housework

Question 14

The material/economic explanation

Answer 14

Women earn less so it makes sense for the man to provide economically and the women doing housework and childcare
Men spend more of their time earning money

Question 15

Cultural- Gershuny

Answer 15

Couples with parents who had a equal relationship are more likely to split the housework between them

Parental role models are important
Social values are changing because women are doing full time work and establishing new norms for men doing more domestic work

Question 16

Material- Dunne

Answer 16

Lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships because they go against the sense of traditional heterosexual ‘gender scripts’.

Question 17

Material-kan

Answer 17

For every £10000 a year a women earns she does 2 hours less housework per week

Question 18

Material- Sullivan

Answer 18

Working full time rather than part time makes the biggest difference in terms of how much domestic work each partner does

Question 19

Compton- evaluation

Answer 19

There is no immediate prospect of a more equal division of labour if this depends on economic equality between the sexes

Question 20

Conclusion:

Answer 20

• more evidence that women in paid work leads to more equality in division of labour (especially full time)
• feminists argue that this is limited because women carry a dual/triple burden and the tasks even if split are remaining gendered as women are expected to take care of childcare and housework
• feminists- patriarchy is the root of the problem, less pay and cultural explanation

Question 21

Barrette and mclntosh

Answer 21

• men gain far more from women’s domestic work than they give back in financial support
• the financial support husbands give to their wives is unpredictable and comes with ‘strings’ attached
• men make the decisions about spendings on important items

Question 22

Kempson- family members do not share food equally

Answer 22

Among low income families women denied their own needs and ate small or no proportions of food to make ends meet

The women is likely to see anything she spends on herself instead ought to be spent on her children - even in with high income houses women may be left in poverty

Question 23

Pahl and vogler
Two types of control on family income:

Answer 23

The allowance system- men give their wives an allowance which has a budget to meet the needs of the family and the man spends the rest of the money for himself

Pooling- both partners have access to income and joint responsibilities like a joint bank account

Question 24

Hardill

Answer 24

In his study he found the most important decisions were taken by the man or his work ( moving houses) which supports finch observation that women’s lives are structured on their husbands careers

Question 25

Edgell found that:

Answer 25

Very important decisions like finance or housing were taken by the husband or he had the final say in a joint discussion

Important decisions about children or holiday were taken jointly and seldom by the wife alone

Less important decisions like home decor or clothes were usually made by the wife

Question 26

Edgells argument

Answer 26

Men earn more and therefore make the decisions, women are dependant on their husbands so have less of a say

Question 27

Evaluation- Gershuny

Answer 27

By 1995- 70% of couples said they had an equal say in decisions ( high earning women had more of a say)

Question 28

Cultural vs material explanations - feminist

Answer 28

Feminist argue the inequalities in decision making is due to a patriarchal society, men as decision makers is culturally ingrained in both men and women through gender role socialisation

Question 29

The meaning of money

Answer 29

Vogler- cohabitating partners were likely to have separate bank accounts for independence and shared tasks equally.

We need to understand the meaning of money for some couples
NYMAN- money doesn’t have a fixed meaning and couples define it differently

Question 30

What’s the personal life perspective on money

Answer 30

Focuses on the meanings couples give to who controls the money

Question 31

Smarts evidence

Answer 31

Gay men and lesbians attached no importance to who controlled the money and were happy to leave it to their partners. They did not see the control of money as equality or inequality in their relationships

There’s greater freedom in same sex couples to do what they want because of no cultural set back

Question 32

PLP conclusion

Answer 32

Its important to start from the personal meanings of the actors involved in the situation

Question 33

Domestic violence is too widespread

Answer 33

Too widespread:
The crime survey of England and wales in 2013 found that 2 million people reported having being victims of dv in the last year

Does not occur randomly:
Mainly against women
Coleman and Osborne- two women a week are killed by a partner or former partner

Question 34

Dobash and dobash

Answer 34

Violence incidents be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority. Marriage legitimises violence against women by having power and authority on husbands and dependancy on wives

Question 35

Walby and Allen

Answer 35

Women were much more likely to be victims of multiple incidents of abuse and sexual violence

Question 36

Two Problems of official statistics

Answer 36

1.victims may be unwilling to report it to the police yearnshire found that on average women suffer 35 assaults before making a report

2.police and prosecutors may be unwilling to investigate the cases because state agencies don’t want to be involved in family.

Question 37

What are the three assumptions cheal makes about family life

Answer 37

1. That the family is a private sphere so the agencies have minimal access
2. They ignore the ‘darker side’ of the family as the family is suppose to be good
3. Individuals are free agents and they assume women can just leave however women are often dependant on their partner financially

Question 38

Explanation of domestic violence

Answer 38

Radical feminist- emphasises role of patriarchy ideas,culture and institutions

The materialist explanation- emphasises economic factors like the lack of resources

Question 39

Radical feminist explanation

Answer 39

See the family and marriage as the key institution in patriarchal society and the main source of women’s oppression. DV is widespread because of patriarchal features and male control over state institutions( agencies) which explains it sociologically
Millett and Firestone- societies are found on patriarchy and see the division of men and females in society. Men are the ENEMY who oppress and exploit women

Question 40

Evaluation

Answer 40

1.Elliot- not all men are aggressive and most are opposed to domestic violence

2.excludes child abuse by women and violence against male partners and within lesbian relationships
The crime survey for E and W found 18% of men suffered from DV since 16

Question 41

DV- the office for national statistics(2014)

Answer 41

Women in social groups face higher risks of DV:
-young women
-low social class and deprived areas
-low income families
-shared or rented accommodation
- illegal drug/ alcohol
- long term illness/ disability

Question 42

Materialist explanation

Answer 42

Wilkinson and Pickett- domestic violence is a result of stress on family members caused by social inequality the stress causes instability and an increase in conflict and violence

Question 43

Material- increase in violence

Answer 43

1. Worries about money, job and housing may spill into domestic conflict as temper increases
2. Lack of money and time restricts people’s social circle and reduced social support for some

Wilkinson and Pickett explanation shows those will less power and money are at a higher risk

Question 44

Evaluation of Wilkinson and Pickett

Answer 44

• do not explain why women rather than men are the main victims of
• Marxist feminist also see inequality causing DV ANSLEY says women are takers of shit and that DV is the product of capitalism where male workers are exploited at work and take it out on their wives

However it doesn’t account for why all male workers do it and why it doesn’t account for female domestic violence