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couples Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what role do males / females have in parsons (functionalist) theory relating to the domestic division of labour?

A
  • the husband has the instrumental role
  • wife has the expressive role
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2
Q

explain parsons (functionalist) theory of instrumental and expressive roles

A

the husband is the breadwinner, and the wife is the homemaker.
this division is based on biological differences because women are ‘naturally suited to the nurturing role.

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3
Q

what does parsons (functionalist) say the differences between men and women are based on?

A

biological differences

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4
Q

what type of theorist is parsonons?

A

functionalist

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5
Q

what type of theorist is Bott?

A

functionalist

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6
Q

what does Bott think male and female roles are?

A

segregated conjugal roles,
joint conjugal roles

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7
Q

describe what “segregated conjugal roles” means

A

the couple have separate roles, a male breadwinnwer and a female home maker
the leisure activities also tend to be seperate

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8
Q

describe “joint conjugal roles”

A

where the couple share tasks such as housework and childcare and spend their leisure time together

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9
Q

evaluate Parsons (functionalist) theory about the domestic division of labour

A
  • young and wilmott
    men are doing housework and women are becoming wage earners
  • feminists
    division of labour is not natural and only benefits men
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10
Q

whos study reinforces Botts (functionalist) theory about joint and segregated conjugal roles?

A

Young and Willmotts

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11
Q

what study reinforces Botts (functionalist) theory about joint and separate conjugal roles?

A

Young and Willmott
identified a pattern of segregated conjugal roles in their study of traditional WC extended families

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12
Q

describe Young and Willmott’s (functionalist) view of the history of the family

A

march of progress

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13
Q

explain Young and Willmotts (functionalist) ‘march of progress’ view

A

the family life is gradually improving for all its members, becoming more equal and democratic

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14
Q

what do Young and Willmott (functionalist) argue male and female roles are?

A

we are moving away from segregated conjugal roles and more towards joint conjugal roles and the ‘symmetrical’ family

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15
Q

what is meant by the ‘symmetrical’ family?

A

one in which the roles of husbands and wived, although not identical, are now much more similar

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16
Q

how is the family becoming more symmetrical?

A

-women now go out to work, although this may be part time rather than full time
-men now help with housework and childcare
-couples now spend their leisure time together

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17
Q

describe Young and Willmott’s study about the symmetrical family

A

more common in younger couples, who are more geographically and socially isolated, and the more affluent (better off)

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18
Q

define affluent

A

better off

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19
Q

what social changes have led to the rise in the symmetrical nuclear family during the past century?

A

-changes in womens positions
-geographical mobility
-new technology
-higher standard of living

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20
Q

what type of sociologist are Young and Willmott?

A

functionalists

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21
Q

what type of sociologist is Ann Oakley?

A

feminist

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22
Q

evaluate the march of progress view when relating to the symmetrical family

A

feminists argue little change has been made
dual or triple burden

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23
Q

describe Ann Oakley’s (feminist) study about families

A

only 15% of husbands had a high level of participation in housework, and only 25% had a high level of participation in childcare

husbands were more likely to share in childcare than housework, but only the more pleasurable parts

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24
Q

evaluate Oakley’s (feminist) point of view on families

A

it can be hard to research how much housework people do because people may lie

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25
Q

complete the sentence:
radical feminists argue that heterosexual relationships are…

A

patriarchal and will always be unequal

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26
Q

what sociologist researched into the division of labour in lesbian couples?

A

Dunne (1999)

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27
Q

describe Dunne’s (1999) study of lesbian couples

A

they have a more equal division of labour because heterosexuals are under pressure to conform to ‘gender scripts’

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28
Q

what sociologists identify two resaons of unequal division of labour?

A

Crompton and Lyonette (2008)

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29
Q

state the two reasons for the unequal division of labour identified by Crompton and Lyonette

A

-cultural / ideological explanations
-material / economic explanations

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30
Q

explain the two reasons for the unequal division of labour

A
  • cultural / ideological:
    patriarchal norms and values and socialisation
  • material / economic:
    women perform domestic roles because generally men earn more money and are more busy doing so
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31
Q

what sociologists attempted to give evidence for the cultural explanation of inequality?

A

Gershuny
the Future Foundation
Dunne

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32
Q

what did Gershuny’s study find? (explaining gender division of labour, culturally )

A

couples whose parents shared housework more equally were more likely to share house work equally themseleves

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33
Q

what foundation found a generational shift in behaviour has occurred?

A

the Future Foundation

34
Q

describe the future foundations study surrounding the generational shift in behaviour occurring

A

most men claimed to do more housework than their fathers and most women claim to do less than their mother

35
Q

what sociologist studies lesbian couples and gender scripts?

A

Gillian Dunne

36
Q

describe Dunne’s study on same sex couples and gender scripts

A
  • 37 lesbian couples
  • lesbian couples had more symmetrical relationships because of the absence of traditional heterosexual ‘gender scripts’
37
Q

what sociologists attempted to give evidence for the material explanation of inequality?

A

Kan
Arber and Ginn

38
Q

what did Kan’s research show when studying material explanations about the gendered division of labour?

A

for every £10,000 a year or more a woman earns, she does two hours less house work per week

39
Q

what did Arber and Ginn’s research show when studying material explanations about the gendered division of labour?

A

middle class women were more able to buy goods and services rather than having to spend the time carrying out domestic tasks themselves

40
Q

what does Rosemary Crompton (1997) conclude about the division of labour amongst the sexes?

A

there is no immediate prospect of a more equal division of labour if this depends on economic equality

41
Q

what is the triple shift?

A

unpaid house work
paid work
emotional work

42
Q

what is the dual burden?

A

unpaid housework
paid work

43
Q

what do Barrett and Mcintosh note about resource and decision making in the household?

A
  • men gain far more from women’s domestic work then they give back in financial support
  • the financial support that husbands give to their wives is often unpredictable and comes with ‘strings’ attached
  • men usually make the decisions about spending on important items
44
Q

what did Elain Kempson find in relation to resource and decision making?

A

in lower income families, women deny their own needs for other families.
even in households with higher incomes women are left in poverty

45
Q

what two feminist sociologists identified two types of control over family income?

A

Phal and Vogler

46
Q

state the two types of controls over family income identified by Phal and Vogler

A
  • the allowance system
  • pooling
47
Q

what is the allowance system?

A

men give their wives an allowance out of which they have to budget to meet the families needs, with the man retaining any surplus income for himself

48
Q

what is pooling?

A

where both partners have access to income and joint responsibility for expenditure

49
Q

what money management system is becoming increasingly more common?

A

pooling

50
Q

evaluate pooling

A

even where there was pooling, men made the major financial decisions

51
Q

what sociologists evaluated pooling?

A

Pahl and Vogler

52
Q

what did Finch’s observation about decision making suggest?

A

womens lives tend to be structured around around their husbands careers

53
Q

what did Stephen Edgell’s (1980) study of professional couples find?

A

• very important decisions - the husband had the final say
• important decisions - jointly
• less importantly decisions - the wife

54
Q

what did Laurie and Gershuny (2000) find in relation to financial equality and decision making?

A

by 1995, 70% of couples said they had an equal say in decisions
women who were high earning and well qualified professionals were more likely to have an equal say in

55
Q

what do feminists argue that inequalities in decision making are the result of?

A

a patriarchal society
- instilled through gender role socialisation

56
Q

what did Vogler et al’s find about cohabiting couples ?

A

cohabiting couples were less likely to pool their money
- perhaps from a desire to maintain their independence
but more likely than married couples to share domestic tasks equally

57
Q

what meaning does the personal life perspective focus on?

A

the meanings couples give to who controls the money

58
Q

what did Carol Smart (2007) find in her study about same sex couples and their meaning attached to money?

A

found that some gay men and lesbians attached no importance to who controlled the money

59
Q

what did Weeks et al (2001) find about typical patterns of finance were?

A

pooling some money for household spending, together with separate accounts for personal spending

60
Q

what did Carol Smart suggest as an explanation of her study?

A

same sex couples do not enter relationships with the same ‘historical, gendered, heterosexual baggage of cultural meanings around money’

61
Q

what do supporters of the personal life perspective argue?

A

it is essential always to start from the personal meanings of the actors involved in the situations

62
Q

what personal life perspective sociologists can be referenced when writing about resource and decision making in households?

A
  • Carol Smart (2007)
  • Weeks et al (2001)
63
Q

how does The Home Office (2013) define domestic violence?

A

any incident or pattern of incidents of controlling, coercive or threatening behavior, violence or abuse between those ages 16 or over who are or have been intimate partners or family members regardless of gender or sexuality

64
Q

how do sociologists challenge the view that domestic violence is the behavior of a few disturbed individuals?

A
  • domestic violence is far too widespread
  • domestic violence does not occur randomly
65
Q

according to the Women’s Aid Federation (2014), domestic violence accounts for _________ of all recorded violent crime?

A

between a sixth and a quarter

66
Q

the Crime Survey for England and Wales (2013) found that _________ people reported having been victims of domestic abuse that previous year?

A

2 million

67
Q

sociologists argue domestic violence does not occur randomly but instead….

A

follows particular social patterns and these patterns have social causes

68
Q

what did Kathryn Coleman et al find in relation to domestic violence?

A

women were more likely than men to have experienced ‘intimate violence across all four types of abuse

69
Q

what are the four types of abuse?

A

partner abuse
family abuse
sexual assault
stalking

70
Q

what did Dobash and Dobash find in relation to domestic violence?

A

violent incidents could be set off by what a husband saw as a challenge to his authority

71
Q

what do Dobash and Dobash argue about marriage?

A

it legitimates violence against women by conferring power and authority on husbands and dependency on wives

72
Q

according to the Crime Survey for England and Wales (2013), what type of gender gap of domestic abuse victims is there?

A

relatively narrow
7.3% women
5% men

73
Q

what sociologists evaluated the narrow gender gap of domestic abuse?

A

Dar
Walby and Allen

74
Q

what did Walby and Allen find which can be used to evaluate the narrow gender gap of domestic abuse?

A

women were more likely to be victims of multiple incidents abuse and sexual violence

75
Q

what did Dar find which can be used to evaluate the narrow gender gap of domestic abuse?

A

it can be difficult to separate domestic violence incidents, because abuse may be continuous or the victim may lose count

76
Q

how did Stephanie Yearnshire (1997) reinforce the fact victims may be unwilling to report DV to the police?

A

she found on average a woman suffers 35 assaults before making a report

77
Q

what sociologist explored the reluctance of police to investigate DV cases?

A

David Cheal (1991)

78
Q

what did David Cheal (1991) find when exploring police involvement in domestic violence cases?

A

they are not prepared to become involved in the family life
they make 3 assumptions about family life:
- the family is a private sphere
- the family is a good thing - so agencies tend to neglect the ‘darker side’
- individuals are free agents so its assumed that if a women is being abused she is free to leave

79
Q

why is the assumption that if a women is being abused she is free to leave not true?

A

male violence is often coupled with male economic power

80
Q

what is the radical feminist explanation of domestic violence?

A

patriarchal ideas, cultural values and institutions

81
Q

what is the materialist explanation of domestic violence?

A

economic factors

82
Q

what explanations of domestic violence can be identified?

A

radical feminist
materialist

sociology families and households (3 decks)

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