Country/Rural Flashcards
The rural is..
Primary industry and business parks, a space of consumption due to tourism food etc
Official definition
Depending on place, problems of this is population density depends on area, reveals nothing and inaccurate due to second homes and commutes
Close 1997
Indices of the rural used 16 variables but later decided he was prefer mining the outcome
Hoggart 1990
Rural is too board
What is rural known as traditionally?
Primary production, low population density, low incomes
Rural as a social concept
A way in which people give themselves a place and identity
Little and Austin 1996
Rural seen as uncomplicated, innocent, honest, genuine society
Short 1991
Less hurried, time for one another, organic community
Halfacree and Jones 1995
Surrounded by fields, close-knit communities, thatched pubs and homes
Rural reconstruction due to globalisation
Interlinked changes such as towns growing in size, changes in the processes shaping rural areas, eg wind turbines. Qualities and quantitive difference eg changes in number of cars, views of people there
Matless 1994
It is assumed that rural is against modernisation but they have Internet and phone signal
Held et al 1999
Widening, depending and speaking up of worldwide interconnectedness
Albrow and King 1990
Peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society, a global one
World Bank cited in Wills 2005 (globalisation)
Globalisation can be summarised as the global curriculation of goods, services and capital but also information, ideas and people
Economic globalisation
Free flow and more equal distribution of wealth eg free trade. International scale (food miles)
The guardian 2003 food miles
Chicken, Thailand
Carrots, SA
Tomatoes Saudi Arabia
Global trade regulations
World trade organisation 1994 most powerful
Halfacree 1993
Descriptive (population land use, economic activity) Socio-cultural, locality, social construct
Gray 1999
66 of 100 most wealthy global organisation are corporations and only 57 national governments are on the Forbes 500 list
Elwood
33% of trade is a big corporation trading within itself
Corporate concentration
4 companies dominate the global seed market eg 80% maize exports in US THREE COMPANIES
Globalisation of mobility
2007 quarter of migrant workers in uk were in rural areas (people in the country side are changing
Globalisation of values
Cultures changing, universal standard however conflict with traditional values eg hunting
Woods 2007 global countryside
Rural becoming interconnected “dynamic networks”
Resistance to globalisation
WTO often favour western nations and interested. Defensive localism - protecting their identity, increasing farmer debts, promoting local produce, protests on global scale JOSE BOVE
Rural economy and the European budget
41% was 70% big policies = controversial
Changing land use
No longer just farms, now tourism, wildlife perseveres, business parks or commute to urban
1947 uk agricultural act
Safety net for farmer, reduce the amount of food imported
1962 eu common agricultural policy
Common market for farmers, protection them, prevent people from starving
Productivity
Farm produce sold direct, using chemicals, few but large farms, removal of hedge rows - destroys the landscape focus on 1/2 crops and skills
Common agricultural policy CAP
Effected everyone. Stabilised markets, assured the availablity and prices (became 70% of budget)
Problems of CAP
Over production, waste, farm debts, reduction of the workforce, environmental problems, inequalitiesNOT SUSTAINABLE
1992 MacSharry and 2003 agenda 2000
Emphasis on diversification and multi functionality
Spelman 2001
Should rely less on direct farming subsidies and reward farmers in their environmental efforts
Current situation of CAP
Further reforms, sustainable intensification, payments for ecosystem services and re-wilding
State responses to rural change
Reforms of policies, agri-environmental schemes, land use and planing, rural development and action to support rural services
Environmental problems of state response
Building development, loss of open space, construction of roads, increased polution, demand on drainage, spoils of farming
Greenbelts 1947
Due to population increase so towns expanding to the rural, greenbelts designed to protect the countryside and character of village however they were more concern with where not what and farms were not included also ignore local opinion
What is the response of decline in farming
Diversification in employment eg tourism
local produce
Farmers selling their own produce, authentic, seen as better, regional so more distinctive
What happened between 1851 and 1951
Depopulation in rural areas
Berry 1976
Conterurbanisstion replaced urbanisation
Drivers of counterurbanisation
Economic factors and structural factors as well as government policies, technological factors, environmental factors
Re-appeasing counter urbanisation
5 key themes, doesn’t look at other countries, regional differences, population growth can still have local depopulation, doesn’t count different age groups
Thrift 1987
Service class exercise their chose by moving to rural areas in search of the rural idyll
Gentrification human geography definition
A process of neighbourhood regeneration by relatively affluent incomes who displace improvements to homes the quality of which had deteriorated
Hoggart 1998
Lack of sharp distinction between rural and non rural areas
Impacts of social recomposition
Second homes reduce demand for services, commutes mean less shops locally, private transport needed
Velage et al 2012
Digital decide between rural and urban areas
What is broadband now considered as?
A fourth utility as it very important for service delivery and economic activity
Changes in rural economy
Exploiting their physical environment to exploit in the aesthetic - tourism diversifying their economy
Commodity and commodification
Produced for a purpose of selling/ valued for cultural reasons above usefulness
Woods 2011
Sightseers visually consume the countryside, hill-walkers the atmosphere. Objects of consumption
Cloke 1993 and selling
Landscapes, nature, history, family and crafts/fayre eg farms as tourist attraction, big pit
Butler 1998
Media representation so urban people want to visits Eg LOFTR
Cloke and Perkins 1998
Fuels the place-myths of social spatialisation
Carter and smith 2003
Commodification of rural places
Thrift 1986 rural lifestyles
Countryside and heritage have met and blended with consumer culture
Rotherham 2013
Indigenous cultures exploited for profit eg ecotourism
Baylina and Berg 2010
Enforcing the ideas of what the rural is
Mormont 1990
Battles over reality - the definition
Somerset council woods 1998
New comers want to preserve the rural idyll but don’t realise the reality
Local conflicts
Planning permission housing development street lighting foot paths
National politics
Hunting housing developments closure of services farm incomes renewable entry
Woods 1998 hunting
Some people think hunting is important to people
When was the hunting ban?
Feb 2005
Cox et al 1994 hunting
Social life of the area
Bell 1994
Lost of social order due to changing life styles
Bell 1992
Lost of community, identity, distinction, credentials (localism, etc)
Jones 1993
Living in rural Wales, lost of traditional jobs
Farrington and Farrington 2005!
Services for transport declined so increase car owner ship
Burnett 1998
Incomes are not local unchallenged stigma
Halfacree back to the land
Reconnect to nature, usually refers to n America 60&70 communal living sustainable Land use
Sarah Neil
New Age travellers, now several things, new squireachy, outdoors pursuits
Ward 1975
Childhood is tied to education and services not physical environment
Philo 1992
Not just one group in the rural
Cloke et al 1995
Poverty is hidden in the rural by the idyll affects certain groups more
Poverty and stigma
Seen as an idividual failing
Cloke, Milbourne and Thomas 1997
Peoples problem include experiences and responses - Stigma of not being self reliant
Agyeman and spooner 1997
Countryside seen as a white landscape
Pollard 1987
Isolated black face among sea of white HOWEVER BLACK FARMER
Migrant workers in rural
Large numbers, bring different culture and attitude can face isolation
WRO 2008
Half of migrant working 40 plus houses face racist attacks
Wibberley 1972
Part of a country which shows signs being dominated by entendres uses of Lang
Woods 2005
Can be seen as a state of mind
Dhalech 1999
Ethic minorities can experience isolation and deprivation
Short 2006
Rural idyll seen as an escape
Woodward 1996
Experience isolation and deprivation
Jones 1997
Connecting rural and childhood as innocence
Cloke 2003
Media at a young age idealise the rural
