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City & Country > Country/Rural > Flashcards

Country/Rural Flashcards

1
Q

The rural is..

A

Primary industry and business parks, a space of consumption due to tourism food etc

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2
Q

Official definition

A

Depending on place, problems of this is population density depends on area, reveals nothing and inaccurate due to second homes and commutes

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3
Q

Close 1997

A

Indices of the rural used 16 variables but later decided he was prefer mining the outcome

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4
Q

Hoggart 1990

A

Rural is too board

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5
Q

What is rural known as traditionally?

A

Primary production, low population density, low incomes

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6
Q

Rural as a social concept

A

A way in which people give themselves a place and identity

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7
Q

Little and Austin 1996

A

Rural seen as uncomplicated, innocent, honest, genuine society

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8
Q

Short 1991

A

Less hurried, time for one another, organic community

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9
Q

Halfacree and Jones 1995

A

Surrounded by fields, close-knit communities, thatched pubs and homes

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10
Q

Rural reconstruction due to globalisation

A

Interlinked changes such as towns growing in size, changes in the processes shaping rural areas, eg wind turbines. Qualities and quantitive difference eg changes in number of cars, views of people there

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11
Q

Matless 1994

A

It is assumed that rural is against modernisation but they have Internet and phone signal

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12
Q

Held et al 1999

A

Widening, depending and speaking up of worldwide interconnectedness

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13
Q

Albrow and King 1990

A

Peoples of the world are incorporated into a single world society, a global one

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14
Q

World Bank cited in Wills 2005 (globalisation)

A

Globalisation can be summarised as the global curriculation of goods, services and capital but also information, ideas and people

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15
Q

Economic globalisation

A

Free flow and more equal distribution of wealth eg free trade. International scale (food miles)

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16
Q

The guardian 2003 food miles

A

Chicken, Thailand
Carrots, SA
Tomatoes Saudi Arabia

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17
Q

Global trade regulations

A

World trade organisation 1994 most powerful

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18
Q

Halfacree 1993

A

Descriptive (population land use, economic activity) Socio-cultural, locality, social construct

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19
Q

Gray 1999

A

66 of 100 most wealthy global organisation are corporations and only 57 national governments are on the Forbes 500 list

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20
Q

Elwood

A

33% of trade is a big corporation trading within itself

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21
Q

Corporate concentration

A

4 companies dominate the global seed market eg 80% maize exports in US THREE COMPANIES

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22
Q

Globalisation of mobility

A

2007 quarter of migrant workers in uk were in rural areas (people in the country side are changing

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23
Q

Globalisation of values

A

Cultures changing, universal standard however conflict with traditional values eg hunting

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24
Q

Woods 2007 global countryside

A

Rural becoming interconnected “dynamic networks”

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25
Q

Resistance to globalisation

A

WTO often favour western nations and interested. Defensive localism - protecting their identity, increasing farmer debts, promoting local produce, protests on global scale JOSE BOVE

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26
Q

Rural economy and the European budget

A

41% was 70% big policies = controversial

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27
Q

Changing land use

A

No longer just farms, now tourism, wildlife perseveres, business parks or commute to urban

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28
Q

1947 uk agricultural act

A

Safety net for farmer, reduce the amount of food imported

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29
Q

1962 eu common agricultural policy

A

Common market for farmers, protection them, prevent people from starving

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30
Q

Productivity

A

Farm produce sold direct, using chemicals, few but large farms, removal of hedge rows - destroys the landscape focus on 1/2 crops and skills

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31
Q

Common agricultural policy CAP

A

Effected everyone. Stabilised markets, assured the availablity and prices (became 70% of budget)

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32
Q

Problems of CAP

A

Over production, waste, farm debts, reduction of the workforce, environmental problems, inequalitiesNOT SUSTAINABLE

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33
Q

1992 MacSharry and 2003 agenda 2000

A

Emphasis on diversification and multi functionality

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34
Q

Spelman 2001

A

Should rely less on direct farming subsidies and reward farmers in their environmental efforts

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35
Q

Current situation of CAP

A

Further reforms, sustainable intensification, payments for ecosystem services and re-wilding

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36
Q

State responses to rural change

A

Reforms of policies, agri-environmental schemes, land use and planing, rural development and action to support rural services

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37
Q

Environmental problems of state response

A

Building development, loss of open space, construction of roads, increased polution, demand on drainage, spoils of farming

38
Q

Greenbelts 1947

A

Due to population increase so towns expanding to the rural, greenbelts designed to protect the countryside and character of village however they were more concern with where not what and farms were not included also ignore local opinion

39
Q

What is the response of decline in farming

A

Diversification in employment eg tourism

40
Q

local produce

A

Farmers selling their own produce, authentic, seen as better, regional so more distinctive

41
Q

What happened between 1851 and 1951

A

Depopulation in rural areas

42
Q

Berry 1976

A

Conterurbanisstion replaced urbanisation

43
Q

Drivers of counterurbanisation

A

Economic factors and structural factors as well as government policies, technological factors, environmental factors

44
Q

Re-appeasing counter urbanisation

A

5 key themes, doesn’t look at other countries, regional differences, population growth can still have local depopulation, doesn’t count different age groups

45
Q

Thrift 1987

A

Service class exercise their chose by moving to rural areas in search of the rural idyll

46
Q

Gentrification human geography definition

A

A process of neighbourhood regeneration by relatively affluent incomes who displace improvements to homes the quality of which had deteriorated

47
Q

Hoggart 1998

A

Lack of sharp distinction between rural and non rural areas

48
Q

Impacts of social recomposition

A

Second homes reduce demand for services, commutes mean less shops locally, private transport needed

49
Q

Velage et al 2012

A

Digital decide between rural and urban areas

50
Q

What is broadband now considered as?

A

A fourth utility as it very important for service delivery and economic activity

51
Q

Changes in rural economy

A

Exploiting their physical environment to exploit in the aesthetic - tourism diversifying their economy

52
Q

Commodity and commodification

A

Produced for a purpose of selling/ valued for cultural reasons above usefulness

53
Q

Woods 2011

A

Sightseers visually consume the countryside, hill-walkers the atmosphere. Objects of consumption

54
Q

Cloke 1993 and selling

A

Landscapes, nature, history, family and crafts/fayre eg farms as tourist attraction, big pit

55
Q

Butler 1998

A

Media representation so urban people want to visits Eg LOFTR

56
Q

Cloke and Perkins 1998

A

Fuels the place-myths of social spatialisation

57
Q

Carter and smith 2003

A

Commodification of rural places

58
Q

Thrift 1986 rural lifestyles

A

Countryside and heritage have met and blended with consumer culture

59
Q

Rotherham 2013

A

Indigenous cultures exploited for profit eg ecotourism

60
Q

Baylina and Berg 2010

A

Enforcing the ideas of what the rural is

61
Q

Mormont 1990

A

Battles over reality - the definition

62
Q

Somerset council woods 1998

A

New comers want to preserve the rural idyll but don’t realise the reality

63
Q

Local conflicts

A

Planning permission housing development street lighting foot paths

64
Q

National politics

A

Hunting housing developments closure of services farm incomes renewable entry

65
Q

Woods 1998 hunting

A

Some people think hunting is important to people

66
Q

When was the hunting ban?

A

Feb 2005

67
Q

Cox et al 1994 hunting

A

Social life of the area

68
Q

Bell 1994

A

Lost of social order due to changing life styles

69
Q

Bell 1992

A

Lost of community, identity, distinction, credentials (localism, etc)

70
Q

Jones 1993

A

Living in rural Wales, lost of traditional jobs

71
Q

Farrington and Farrington 2005!

A

Services for transport declined so increase car owner ship

72
Q

Burnett 1998

A

Incomes are not local unchallenged stigma

73
Q

Halfacree back to the land

A

Reconnect to nature, usually refers to n America 60&70 communal living sustainable Land use

74
Q

Sarah Neil

A

New Age travellers, now several things, new squireachy, outdoors pursuits

75
Q

Ward 1975

A

Childhood is tied to education and services not physical environment

76
Q

Philo 1992

A

Not just one group in the rural

77
Q

Cloke et al 1995

A

Poverty is hidden in the rural by the idyll affects certain groups more

78
Q

Poverty and stigma

A

Seen as an idividual failing

79
Q

Cloke, Milbourne and Thomas 1997

A

Peoples problem include experiences and responses - Stigma of not being self reliant

80
Q

Agyeman and spooner 1997

A

Countryside seen as a white landscape

81
Q

Pollard 1987

A

Isolated black face among sea of white HOWEVER BLACK FARMER

82
Q

Migrant workers in rural

A

Large numbers, bring different culture and attitude can face isolation

83
Q

WRO 2008

A

Half of migrant working 40 plus houses face racist attacks

84
Q

Wibberley 1972

A

Part of a country which shows signs being dominated by entendres uses of Lang

85
Q

Woods 2005

A

Can be seen as a state of mind

86
Q

Dhalech 1999

A

Ethic minorities can experience isolation and deprivation

87
Q

Short 2006

A

Rural idyll seen as an escape

88
Q

Woodward 1996

A

Experience isolation and deprivation

89
Q

Jones 1997

A

Connecting rural and childhood as innocence

90
Q

Cloke 2003

A

Media at a young age idealise the rural

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