Counselling Psychology

Question 1

Rollo May

Answer 1

• Author of the first published text on counselling
• Proposes that the basic nature of a human being is “psyche” or “soul” or “personality” which is characterised by Freedom, Individuality, Social Integration and Spiritual Tension

Question 2

Rollo May: Four principles of personality as a guide for counselling:

Answer 2

• It is the function of the counsellor to lead the client to an acceptance of responsibility for the conduct and outcome of his or her life
• It is the function of the counsellor to assist the client to find his/her true self, and then to help him or her to have courage to be this self
• It is the counsellor’s function to assist the client to a cheerful acceptance of social responsibility, to give courage which will release the client from the compulsion of inferiority feeling, and to help the client to direct his or her striving toward socially constructive ends
• It is the counsellor’s function, while aiding the client to free himself or herself from morbid guilt feeling, to assist the client to accept and affirm the spiritual tension inherent in human nature

Question 3

Egan’s 3 stage model

Answer 3

1986

• Identification
• Goal Setting
• Action

Question 4

Heron’s Six Categories

Answer 4

1990
Authoritative
- Prescriptive
- Informative
- Confronting
Facilitative
- Cathartic
- Catalytic
- Supportive

Question 5

Barbara Berzo: characteristics most valued by those who have been helped by counselling

Answer 5

• Increased awareness
• Recognition of similarity
• Core conditions
• Self/other perception (boundaries)
• Expressiveness
• Open communication
• Warmth
• Ventilation

Question 6

Satel and Sommers (2005)

Answer 6

Therapy can undermine each person’s innate ability to cope with stress, even stress on a large scale

Question 7

Joseph (2011)

Answer 7

Grief after a trauma may be self-limiting and that response to it is similar to that of bereavement - making it a natural reaction to devasting or exceptional events

Question 8

Orbach (1994)

Answer 8

Anorexia and other eating disorders are on the increase

Question 9

Joseph Rowntree Foundation, McCarthy and McCarthy (2005)

Answer 9

Lack of research in the UK on the subject of bereavement