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Reproductive > Costanzo Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Costanzo Ch. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

<p><p>What synthesizes anti-mullerian hormone</p></p>

A

<p><p>Sertoli Cells</p></p>

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2
Q

<p><p>Oocytes remain in \_\_\_ until ovulation occurs</p></p>

A

<p><p>Prophase of Meiosis</p></p>

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3
Q

<p><p>Phenotypic sex in females develops because of the lack of</p></p>

A

<p><p>Testosterone and Anti-mullerian Hormone</p></p>

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4
Q

<p><p>Theca cells produce</p></p>

A

<p><p>Progesterone; and Estradiol together with Granulosa Cells</p></p>

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5
Q

<p><p>Wolffian ducts give rise to</p></p>

A

<p><p>Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, Ejaculatory Ducts</p></p>

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6
Q

<p><p>\_\_ stimulates growth and differentiation of Wolffian Ducts</p></p>

A

<p><p>Testosterone</p></p>

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7
Q

<p><p>\_\_ causes atrophy of the Mullerian Ducts</p></p>

A

<p><p>Anti-Mullerian (Sertoli cells)</p></p>

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8
Q

<p><p>The external male genitalia differentiate at gestational weeks</p></p>

A

<p><p>9-10</p></p>

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9
Q

<p><p>\_\_ develops into the internal female tract</p></p>

A

<p><p>Mullerian ducts</p></p>

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10
Q

<p><p>Which part of female genital tract does not require any hormones</p></p>

A

<p><p>External - Clitoris, Labias, Lower 2/3 of vagina</p></p>

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11
Q

<p><p>Secretion of GnRH begins at age \_\_ but remains low until \_\_\_</p></p>

A

<p><p>4 weeks gestation, then rises at Puberty</p></p>

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12
Q

<p><p>When is FSH higher than LH? When is LH higher?</p></p>

A

<p><p>FSH is higher in childhood and senescence; LH is higher during puberty and adult reproductive period</p></p>

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13
Q

<p><p>Primary event at puberty</p></p>

A

<p><p>Initiation of pulsatile secretion of GnRH (LH, FSH) - Women</p></p>

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14
Q

<p><p>Growth of the testes in puberty is largely due to</p></p>

A

<p><p>Incr number of seminiferous tubules</p></p>

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15
Q

<p><p>Appearance of pubic and axillary hair in females is dependent on</p></p>

A

<p><p>Incr secretion of adrenal androgens</p></p>

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16
Q

<p><p>Timing of Breast Budding and Menarche in females</p></p>

A

<p><p>Breast budding is one of first signs of puberty, and Menarche occurs about 2 years after</p></p>

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17
Q

<p><p>What forms the blood-testes barrier?</p></p>

A

<p><p>Sertoli cell tight junctions</p></p>

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18
Q

<p><p>3 functions of Sertoli Cells</p></p>

A

<p><p>Nutrients; Blood-Testes Barrier; Secretion into seminiferous tubules</p></p>

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19
Q

<p><p>Mitotic division of \_\_ generates \_\_ in males</p></p>

A

<p><p>Spermatogonia generate Spermatocytes</p></p>

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20
Q

<p><p>Meiotic division of \_\_ generates \_\_</p></p>

A

<p><p>Spermatocytes to (haploid) Spermatids</p></p>

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21
Q

<p><p>Spermiogenesis</p></p>

A

<p><p>Spermatids become mature sperm thru loss of cytoplasm and development of flagella</p></p>

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22
Q

<p><p>Primary location of maturation and storage of sperm</p></p>

A

<p><p>Epididymis</p></p>

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23
Q

<p><p>Ampulla of Vas Deferens secretes</p></p>

A

<p><p>Citrate and Fructose</p></p>

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24
Q

<p><p>Seminal Vesicles secrete</p></p>

A

<p><p>Fructose, citrate, PG's, fibrinogen</p></p>

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25
Q

<p><p>Role of PG's in seminal fluid</p></p>

A

<p><p>Make cervical mucus more penetrable; Induce peristaltic contractions in female tract</p></p>

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26
Q

<p><p>Prostate Gland secretes</p></p>

A

<p><p>Citrate, calcium, enzymes - Slightly alkaline</p></p>

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27
Q

<p><p>Capacitation</p></p>

A

<p><p>Inhibitory factors in the seminal fluid and washed free, cholesterol is withdrawn from sperm membrane, and surface proteins are redistributed; Acrosomal reaction</p></p>

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28
Q

<p><p>Calcium influx into sperm</p></p>

A

<p><p>Increases their motility, motion becomes whiplike</p></p>

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29
Q

<p><p>Acrosomal Reaction</p></p>

A

<p><p>Acrosomal membrane fuses with outer sperm membrane - Creating pores thru which hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes can escape the acrosome, creating a path for sperm to penetrate the protective coverings of the ovum</p></p>

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30
Q

<p><p>Steroid enzymes that testes lack</p></p>

A

<p><p>21B-Hydroxylase, 11B-Hydroxylase</p></p>

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31
Q

<p><p>Addition steroid enzyme in testes</p></p>

A

<p><p>17B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (Androstenedione to Testosterone)</p></p>

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32
Q

<p><p>Synthesis of Sex Steroid Binding Globulin is stimulated by \_\_ and inhibited by \_\_</p></p>

A

<p><p>Stimulated by Estrogen, Inhibited by Androgens</p></p>

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33
Q

<p><p>GnRH is secreted by neurons in the </p></p>

A

<p><p>Arcuate Nucleus</p></p>

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34
Q

<p><p>If GnRH is administered continuously</p></p>

A

<p><p>It inhibits FSH and LH (needs to be pulsatile)</p></p>

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35
Q

<p><p>LH stimulates \_\_ in \_\_ cells</p></p>

A

<p><p>Cholesterol Desmolase in Leydig cells</p></p>

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36
Q

<p><p>Testosterone on hypothalamus</p></p>

A

<p><p>Negative feedback on GnRH (decreases frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses)</p></p>

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37
Q

<p><p>Inhibin</p></p>

A

<p><p>Secreted by Sertoli Cells; Negative feedback on FSH secretion by APit</p></p>

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38
Q

<p><p>Frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses when T is low</p></p>

A

<p><p>Increased (less negative feedback)</p></p>

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39
Q

<p><p>\_\_ is responsible for fetal differentiation of internal male genital gract</p></p>

A

<p><p>Testosterone</p></p>

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40
Q

<p><p>\_\_ is responsible for fetal differentiation of external male genitalia</p></p>

A

<p><p>DHT</p></p>

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41
Q

<p><p>DHT is responsible for</p></p>

A

<p><p>Ext male genitalia; Male hair and baldness; Sebaceous gland activity; Growth of prostate</p></p>

42
Q

<p><p>Finasteride</p></p>

A

<p><p>5alpha-reductase inhibitor</p></p>

43
Q

<p>5a-Reductase - 2 uses</p>

A

<p>Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy; Hair loss in men</p>

44
Q

<p></p>

45
Q

<p>Cortex of Ovary</p>

A

<p>Contains all oocytes, each encased in a follicle</p>

46
Q

<p>Hilum of Ovary</p>

A

<p>Inner zone thru which blood vessels and lymphatics pass</p>

47
Q

<p>Hilum of Ovary</p>

A

<p>Inner zone thru which blood vessels and lymphatics pass</p>

48
Q

<p>Primordial germ cells produce oogonia by mitotic divisions until </p>

A

<p>gestational weeks 20-24</p>

49
Q

<p>Beginning at \_\_\_, oogonia enter prophase of meiosis and become primary oocytes. This continues until \_\_\_</p>

A

<p>Begins at 8-9 wks gestation; Continues to 6mos postnatal</p>

50
Q

<p>First stage of ovarian follicle development</p>

A

<p>Parallels prophase of oocyte; Primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle; Theca interna cells develop; Granulosa cells secrete fluid</p>

51
Q

<p>Third stage of ovarian follicle development</p>

A

<p>5-7 days after menses; Dominant follicle develops; Ovulation then completion of first meiotic division - secondary oocyte</p>

52
Q

<p>Third stage of ovarian follicle development</p>

A

<p>5-7 days after menses; Dominant follicle develops; Ovulation then completion of first meiotic division - secondary oocyte</p>

53
Q

<p>Major ovarian estrogen</p>

A

<p>17B-Estradiol</p>

54
Q

<p>Theca cells synthesize and secrete</p>

A

<p>Progesterone and Androstenedione</p>

55
Q

<p>Role of Granulosa cells in steroid synthesis</p>

A

<p>Androstenedione from Theca cells is converted to Testosterone then 17B-Estradiol</p>

56
Q

<p>Which contains 17B-Hydroxysteroid DH and Aromatase: Theca or Granulosa Cells?</p>

A

<p>Granulosa Cells</p>

57
Q

<p>In females, FSH acts on \_\_ to stimulate \_\_</p>

A

<p>Granulosa to stimulated Aromatase</p>

58
Q

<p>In females, LH acts on \_\_ to stimulate \_\_ </p>

A

<p>Theca to stimulate Cholesterol Desmolase</p>

59
Q

<p>Only ovarian cells with FSH receptors</p>

A

<p>Granulosa cells</p>

60
Q

<p>Follicular Phase is dominated by \_\_ feedback by \_\_</p>

A

<p>Negative feedback on AP by Estradiol (from FSH, LH)</p>

61
Q

<p>At midcycle, estradiol levels rise sharply due to</p>

A

<p>Proliferation of follicular cells</p>

62
Q

Inhibin is produced by __ and __ in females

A

Granulosa cells, inhibits FSH secretion from AP

63
Q

Activin is secreted by __ in females and __

A

Granulosa cells, stimulates FSH secretion

64
Q

During the menstrual cycle, estrogen usually precedes __, preparing the target tissue

A

Progesterone

65
Q

Without __, progesterone has little biological activity

66
Q

Progesterone __ estrogen receptors on target tissues

A

Down-regulates

67
Q

Estrogen on Uterus

A

Proliferation, cell growth, and increased contractility

68
Q

Progesterone on Uterus

A

Incr secretory activity, decr contractility

69
Q

Estrogen on Fallopian Tubes

A

Stimulates ciliary activity and contractility (moves sperm toward uterus)

70
Q

Progesterone on Fallopian Tubes

A

Increases secretory activity and decreases contractility

71
Q

Estrogen on Vagina

A

Stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells

72
Q

Progesterone on Vagina

A

Stimulates differentiation but inhibits proliferation of epithelial cells

73
Q

Estrogen effects during Follicular (Proliferative) Phase

A

Growth of endometrium, growth of glands and stroma, elongation of spiral arteries; Cervical mucus becomes watery (ferning)

74
Q

Significance of watery mucus stimulated by estrogen during Follicular Phase

A

Channels form, creating openings in the cervix thru which sperm can be propelled

75
Q

Changes during Luteal Phase

A

Thickness of endo decr; Uterine glands become tortuous; Spiral arteries coil; Mucus becomes thicker and does not fern on a slide

76
Q

Highest levels of E and P occur during

A

Pregnancy (corpus luteum then placenta)

77
Q

Estrogen in Pregnancy

A

Growth of Myometrium, ductal system; Prolactin secretion; Enlargement of external genitalia

78
Q

Progesterone in Pregnancy

A

Incr uterine threshold to contractile stimuli, preserving pregnancy until fetus is ready to be delivered

79
Q

Thermogenic effect of Progesterone

A

Incr basal body temp during luteal phase

80
Q

Variability of cycle is due to

A

variability in Follicular phase

81
Q

What occurs in ovary during Follicular phase

A

Primordial Follicle to Graafian follicle; One Dominant Follicle; FSH and LH receptors are upregulated and E increases

82
Q

Cervical changes upon ovulation

A

Mucus becomes more watery and ‘penetrable’ by sperm

83
Q

__ days after ovulation, the fertilized ovum, or ___, arrives in the uterine cavity

A

4 days, Blastocyst

84
Q

The blastocyst implants in the endometrium __ days after fertilization

85
Q

The receptivity of the endometrium to fertilized ovum is critically dependent on

A

Low E/P ratio (corresponds to period of highest P output by corpus luteum)

86
Q

The trophoblast contributes to the

A

Fetal portion of the placenta

87
Q

At the point of implantation, under stimulation by __, the endometrium differentiates into __

A

Progesterone - Decidual Cells

88
Q

Function of Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Allow blastocyst to penetrate deep into endometrium

89
Q

hCG is secreted __ days after ovulation

90
Q

How is estriol produced during pregnancy

A

Cholesterol to Pregnenalone in placenta; Preg to DHEA-sulfate in fetal adrenal cortex; DHEA-sulfate to 16-OH DHEA-sulfate in fetal liver; Estriol in Placenta

91
Q

How is progesterone produced during pregnancy

A

In placenta from cholesterol

92
Q

Braxton Hicks contractions

A

Uncoordinated contractions occurring ~1 mo prior to parturition

93
Q

Cortisol in Parturition

A

Stimulated near term; Incr E/P ratio, which incr sensitivity of uterus to contractile stimuli

94
Q

Effects of E vs P on contractility

A

E incr; P decr

95
Q

PG’s in Parturition

A

E (incr E/P ratio) stimulates PGE2 and PGF2-a; These incr intracellular Ca of uterine SM, thus contractility

96
Q

Why does lactation not occur during pregnancy

A

High E and P blocks Prolactin

97
Q

What suppresses ovulation for a while after parturition

A

Prolactin suppresses GnRH, so suppressed as long as lactation continues

98
Q

Aside from negative feedback, oral contraceptives decr pregnancy by

A

Changing cervical mucus to be more hostile to sperm; Decr motility of fallopian tubes

99
Q

Postcoital contraceptives (Morning after)

A

Higher-dose preps of Estrogen and Progesterone to inhibit ovulation and interfere with implantation

100
Q

Symptoms of Menopause

A

Thinning of vaginal epithelium; decr vaginal secretions; decr breast mass; accelerated bone loss; vascular instability; emotional liability

101
Q

Which type of women tend to be less symptomatic from menopause

A

Obese women (aromatase)

Reproductive (2 decks)

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