Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Reproductive > Costanzo Ch. 10 > Flashcards

Costanzo Ch. 10 Flashcards

1
Q

<p><p>What synthesizes anti-mullerian hormone</p></p>

A

<p><p>Sertoli Cells</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

<p><p>Oocytes remain in \_\_\_ until ovulation occurs</p></p>

A

<p><p>Prophase of Meiosis</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

<p><p>Phenotypic sex in females develops because of the lack of</p></p>

A

<p><p>Testosterone and Anti-mullerian Hormone</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

<p><p>Theca cells produce</p></p>

A

<p><p>Progesterone; and Estradiol together with Granulosa Cells</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

<p><p>Wolffian ducts give rise to</p></p>

A

<p><p>Epididymis, Vas Deferens, Seminal Vesicles, Ejaculatory Ducts</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

<p><p>\_\_ stimulates growth and differentiation of Wolffian Ducts</p></p>

A

<p><p>Testosterone</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

<p><p>\_\_ causes atrophy of the Mullerian Ducts</p></p>

A

<p><p>Anti-Mullerian (Sertoli cells)</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

<p><p>The external male genitalia differentiate at gestational weeks</p></p>

A

<p><p>9-10</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

<p><p>\_\_ develops into the internal female tract</p></p>

A

<p><p>Mullerian ducts</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

<p><p>Which part of female genital tract does not require any hormones</p></p>

A

<p><p>External - Clitoris, Labias, Lower 2/3 of vagina</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

<p><p>Secretion of GnRH begins at age \_\_ but remains low until \_\_\_</p></p>

A

<p><p>4 weeks gestation, then rises at Puberty</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

<p><p>When is FSH higher than LH? When is LH higher?</p></p>

A

<p><p>FSH is higher in childhood and senescence; LH is higher during puberty and adult reproductive period</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

<p><p>Primary event at puberty</p></p>

A

<p><p>Initiation of pulsatile secretion of GnRH (LH, FSH) - Women</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

<p><p>Growth of the testes in puberty is largely due to</p></p>

A

<p><p>Incr number of seminiferous tubules</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

<p><p>Appearance of pubic and axillary hair in females is dependent on</p></p>

A

<p><p>Incr secretion of adrenal androgens</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

<p><p>Timing of Breast Budding and Menarche in females</p></p>

A

<p><p>Breast budding is one of first signs of puberty, and Menarche occurs about 2 years after</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

<p><p>What forms the blood-testes barrier?</p></p>

A

<p><p>Sertoli cell tight junctions</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

<p><p>3 functions of Sertoli Cells</p></p>

A

<p><p>Nutrients; Blood-Testes Barrier; Secretion into seminiferous tubules</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

<p><p>Mitotic division of \_\_ generates \_\_ in males</p></p>

A

<p><p>Spermatogonia generate Spermatocytes</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

<p><p>Meiotic division of \_\_ generates \_\_</p></p>

A

<p><p>Spermatocytes to (haploid) Spermatids</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

<p><p>Spermiogenesis</p></p>

A

<p><p>Spermatids become mature sperm thru loss of cytoplasm and development of flagella</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

<p><p>Primary location of maturation and storage of sperm</p></p>

A

<p><p>Epididymis</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

<p><p>Ampulla of Vas Deferens secretes</p></p>

A

<p><p>Citrate and Fructose</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

<p><p>Seminal Vesicles secrete</p></p>

A

<p><p>Fructose, citrate, PG's, fibrinogen</p></p>

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25

Role of PG's in seminal fluid

Make cervical mucus more penetrable; Induce peristaltic contractions in female tract

26

Prostate Gland secretes

Citrate, calcium, enzymes - Slightly alkaline

27

Capacitation

Inhibitory factors in the seminal fluid and washed free, cholesterol is withdrawn from sperm membrane, and surface proteins are redistributed; Acrosomal reaction

28

Calcium influx into sperm

Increases their motility, motion becomes whiplike

29

Acrosomal Reaction

Acrosomal membrane fuses with outer sperm membrane - Creating pores thru which hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes can escape the acrosome, creating a path for sperm to penetrate the protective coverings of the ovum

30

Steroid enzymes that testes lack

21B-Hydroxylase, 11B-Hydroxylase

31

Addition steroid enzyme in testes

17B-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase (Androstenedione to Testosterone)

32

Synthesis of Sex Steroid Binding Globulin is stimulated by __ and inhibited by __

Stimulated by Estrogen, Inhibited by Androgens

33

GnRH is secreted by neurons in the

Arcuate Nucleus

34

If GnRH is administered continuously

It inhibits FSH and LH (needs to be pulsatile)

35

LH stimulates __ in __ cells

Cholesterol Desmolase in Leydig cells

36

Testosterone on hypothalamus

Negative feedback on GnRH (decreases frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses)

37

Inhibin

Secreted by Sertoli Cells; Negative feedback on FSH secretion by APit

38

Frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses when T is low

Increased (less negative feedback)

39

__ is responsible for fetal differentiation of internal male genital gract

Testosterone

40

__ is responsible for fetal differentiation of external male genitalia

DHT

41

DHT is responsible for

Ext male genitalia; Male hair and baldness; Sebaceous gland activity; Growth of prostate

42

Finasteride

5alpha-reductase inhibitor

43

5a-Reductase - 2 uses

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy; Hair loss in men

44

45

Cortex of Ovary

Contains all oocytes, each encased in a follicle

46

Hilum of Ovary

Inner zone thru which blood vessels and lymphatics pass

47

Hilum of Ovary

Inner zone thru which blood vessels and lymphatics pass

48

Primordial germ cells produce oogonia by mitotic divisions until

gestational weeks 20-24

49

Beginning at ___, oogonia enter prophase of meiosis and become primary oocytes. This continues until ___

Begins at 8-9 wks gestation; Continues to 6mos postnatal

50

First stage of ovarian follicle development

Parallels prophase of oocyte; Primordial follicle develops into a primary follicle; Theca interna cells develop; Granulosa cells secrete fluid

51

Third stage of ovarian follicle development

5-7 days after menses; Dominant follicle develops; Ovulation then completion of first meiotic division - secondary oocyte

52

Third stage of ovarian follicle development

5-7 days after menses; Dominant follicle develops; Ovulation then completion of first meiotic division - secondary oocyte

53

Major ovarian estrogen

17B-Estradiol

54

Theca cells synthesize and secrete

Progesterone and Androstenedione

55

Role of Granulosa cells in steroid synthesis

Androstenedione from Theca cells is converted to Testosterone then 17B-Estradiol

56

Which contains 17B-Hydroxysteroid DH and Aromatase: Theca or Granulosa Cells?

Granulosa Cells

57

In females, FSH acts on __ to stimulate __

Granulosa to stimulated Aromatase

58

In females, LH acts on __ to stimulate __

Theca to stimulate Cholesterol Desmolase

59

Only ovarian cells with FSH receptors

Granulosa cells

60

Follicular Phase is dominated by __ feedback by __

Negative feedback on AP by Estradiol (from FSH, LH)

61

At midcycle, estradiol levels rise sharply due to

Proliferation of follicular cells

62
Inhibin is produced by __ and __ in females
Granulosa cells, inhibits FSH secretion from AP
63
Activin is secreted by __ in females and __
Granulosa cells, stimulates FSH secretion
64
During the menstrual cycle, estrogen usually precedes __, preparing the target tissue
Progesterone
65
Without __, progesterone has little biological activity
Estrogen
66
Progesterone __ estrogen receptors on target tissues
Down-regulates
67
Estrogen on Uterus
Proliferation, cell growth, and increased contractility
68
Progesterone on Uterus
Incr secretory activity, decr contractility
69
Estrogen on Fallopian Tubes
Stimulates ciliary activity and contractility (moves sperm toward uterus)
70
Progesterone on Fallopian Tubes
Increases secretory activity and decreases contractility
71
Estrogen on Vagina
Stimulates proliferation of epithelial cells
72
Progesterone on Vagina
Stimulates differentiation but inhibits proliferation of epithelial cells
73
Estrogen effects during Follicular (Proliferative) Phase
Growth of endometrium, growth of glands and stroma, elongation of spiral arteries; Cervical mucus becomes watery (ferning)
74
Significance of watery mucus stimulated by estrogen during Follicular Phase
Channels form, creating openings in the cervix thru which sperm can be propelled
75
Changes during Luteal Phase
Thickness of endo decr; Uterine glands become tortuous; Spiral arteries coil; Mucus becomes thicker and does not fern on a slide
76
Highest levels of E and P occur during
Pregnancy (corpus luteum then placenta)
77
Estrogen in Pregnancy
Growth of Myometrium, ductal system; Prolactin secretion; Enlargement of external genitalia
78
Progesterone in Pregnancy
Incr uterine threshold to contractile stimuli, preserving pregnancy until fetus is ready to be delivered
79
Thermogenic effect of Progesterone
Incr basal body temp during luteal phase
80
Variability of cycle is due to
variability in Follicular phase
81
What occurs in ovary during Follicular phase
Primordial Follicle to Graafian follicle; One Dominant Follicle; FSH and LH receptors are upregulated and E increases
82
Cervical changes upon ovulation
Mucus becomes more watery and 'penetrable' by sperm
83
__ days after ovulation, the fertilized ovum, or ___, arrives in the uterine cavity
4 days, Blastocyst
84
The blastocyst implants in the endometrium __ days after fertilization
5 days
85
The receptivity of the endometrium to fertilized ovum is critically dependent on
Low E/P ratio (corresponds to period of highest P output by corpus luteum)
86
The trophoblast contributes to the
Fetal portion of the placenta
87
At the point of implantation, under stimulation by __, the endometrium differentiates into __
Progesterone - Decidual Cells
88
Function of Syncytiotrophoblast
Allow blastocyst to penetrate deep into endometrium
89
hCG is secreted __ days after ovulation
8 days
90
How is estriol produced during pregnancy
Cholesterol to Pregnenalone in placenta; Preg to DHEA-sulfate in fetal adrenal cortex; DHEA-sulfate to 16-OH DHEA-sulfate in fetal liver; Estriol in Placenta
91
How is progesterone produced during pregnancy
In placenta from cholesterol
92
Braxton Hicks contractions
Uncoordinated contractions occurring ~1 mo prior to parturition
93
Cortisol in Parturition
Stimulated near term; Incr E/P ratio, which incr sensitivity of uterus to contractile stimuli
94
Effects of E vs P on contractility
E incr; P decr
95
PG's in Parturition
E (incr E/P ratio) stimulates PGE2 and PGF2-a; These incr intracellular Ca of uterine SM, thus contractility
96
Why does lactation not occur during pregnancy
High E and P blocks Prolactin
97
What suppresses ovulation for a while after parturition
Prolactin suppresses GnRH, so suppressed as long as lactation continues
98
Aside from negative feedback, oral contraceptives decr pregnancy by
Changing cervical mucus to be more hostile to sperm; Decr motility of fallopian tubes
99
Postcoital contraceptives (Morning after)
Higher-dose preps of Estrogen and Progesterone to inhibit ovulation and interfere with implantation
100
Symptoms of Menopause
Thinning of vaginal epithelium; decr vaginal secretions; decr breast mass; accelerated bone loss; vascular instability; emotional liability
101
Which type of women tend to be less symptomatic from menopause
Obese women (aromatase)

Reproductive (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions