Costal Landscape/Strategies

Question 1

What are the three types of weathering?

Answer 1

MECHANICAL WEATHERING- breakdown of rock without changing chemical composition eg Freeze-thaw weathering

CHEMICAL WEATHERING- breakdown of rock by changing composition

CARBONATION WEATHERING- warm and wet conditions Rain - Carbon dioxide - Weak carbonic acid reacts with calcium carbonate

Question 2

Three types of mass movement

Answer 2

SLIDES- shift in straight line
SLUMPS- shift with rotation
ROCKFALLS- breaks up and falls

Question 3

EROSIONS- to rocks are broken down and carried away

Answer 3

HYDRAULIC POWER- crash against rock pressure on rock widening the crack
ABRASION-scrape and rub against rock
ATTRITION-particles smash into eachother

Question 4

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Answer 4

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Question 4

EXPLAIN WAVE-CUT PLATFORMS

Answer 4

• waves caus erosion at the foot of a cliff
• forms a wave cut notch enlarged as erosion
• Rock above becomes unstable and collapses
• collapsed material is washed away
• new wave cut notch starts to form
• repeated collapsing causes CLIFF RETREATING

Question 5

How are headlands and bays formed

Answer 5

Alternating bands of resistant and Bays resistant rock
Bays area formed by soft rock which is less resistant and therefore is eroded quicker eg. Clay
Headlands are formed from

Question 6

How are headlands and bays formed?

Answer 6

Headlands and bays are formed from alternating bands of resistant and less resistant rock along a coast
Bays are formed from less resistant rock or soft rock which is eroded quicker eg. Clay
Headlands are formed from resistant rock which is eroded slower eg.chalk with steep sides
Eg.lulworth cove

Question 7

How are stacks formed?

Answer 7

Headlands are eroded to form caves arches and stacks
Headlands are made of resistant rocks but have weaknesses eg. Cracks
Waves crash into rock enlarging the crack(hydraulic power and abrasions)
Repeated erosion and enlargement of cracks cause a CAVE
continued cause a ARCH
Continued erosion causes it to collape forming a stack
Eg. Durdle door and old Harry rock

Question 8

What’s the difference between sand beaches and shingle beaches

Answer 8

Sand beaches are flat and wide on a long general slope

Shingle beaches are steep and narrow because they are larger causing a steep slope

Question 9

How are beaches formed?

Answer 9

Beaches are formed by deposition, formed by constructed waves depositing material between high water mark and low water mark

Question 10

What’s the difference between construced and destructive waves

Answer 10

Destructive waves have a high frequency and are high and steep and cause erosion whereas constructive waves have a low frequency and are low and long with a power swash but week back wash therefore deposits material

Question 11

Give examples of costal features in dorset

Answer 11

DURDLE DOOR-Arch
LULWORTH COVE-Bay
CHESIL BEACH-barDURDLE DOOR-Arch
LULWORTH COVE-Bay
CHESIL BEACH-bar

Question 12

Name a process of transportation and descrbe

Answer 12

Longshore drift
Waves follow the direction of the prevailing winds
Hit at a oblique angle
The swash carries material up the beach in the same direction
Zigzags

Question 13

Name deposition methods

Answer 13

Spits
Bars
Sand dunes

Question 14

Describe a spit

Answer 14

Spits are formed at sharp bends in the coastline
Longshore drift transports sand and shingle past the bend and deposits in the sea
Strong prevailing winds curve the end of the spits
Sheltered area behind is protected can become salt marsh

Question 15

Describe a bar

Answer 15

A bar is formed when two headlands join together
Bar cuts of the bay between the headlands
Means a lagoon can form behind

Question 16

Describe a sand dune

Answer 16

Sand dunes are formed when sand deposited by longshore drift. Is moved up the beach by wind
Obstacles cause wind speeds to decrease so sand is deposited
Vegetation stabilises the sand

Question 17

What’s Hard engineering

Answer 17

Manmade structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion
Manmade structures built to control the flow of the sea and reduce flooding and erosion

Question 18

What’s soft engineering

Answer 18

Scheme set up using knowledge of sea to reduce the effect of flooding and erosion

Question 19

Give examples of hard engineering

Answer 19

Sea wall-wall of concrete, barrier prevent flooding expensive hard to maintain

Gabions-wall of wire cages-absorb wave energy cheap and easy (ugly to look at)

Rock armour- boulders piled up along coast-absorb wave length (cheap need to be replaced)

Groynes-built at right angles, create wider beaches cheap

Question 20

Give examples of soft engineering

Answer 20

Beach nourishment- sand moved wider beaches slow the waves- expensive

Dune regeneration- creating or destroy sand dunes-barrier and absorb wave energy (small protection)

Question 21

Case study of a coastal in uk

Answer 21

Holderness coast

Question 22

Why does it need Protection

Answer 22

Erosion is causing cliffs to collapse as they are soft clay
Prevailing winds causing long shore drift moving material south exposing area and causing coastline to retreat
About 1.8 m is lost every year
In Great Cowden over 10m is lost per year
Lots of villages and towns like Hornsea with pop over 8000
Important infrastructure eg. B1242
gas terminal supplies 25% of UK gas

Question 23

How is it holderness coast managed

Answer 23

Over 11km is managed using hard engineering
Rock armour and grognes
450m of coastline around Napoleon
Cost £2 million over 61000 tonnes of rock

Question 24

Conflicts of the holderness coastline

Answer 24

Successful in mappleton and teh B1242 road
BUT
prevent sediment moving south
Loss of land in Great Cowdons
Loss of habitat
Gas terminal had to be protected cost alot