Cossts Flashcards
What is the location of the Holderness Coast?
East Yorkshire, UK, 61 km coastline
What type of geology is found at the Holderness Coast?
Soft boulder clay (rapid erosion) and resistant chalk (Flamborough Head)
What is the erosion rate at the Holderness Coast?
Up to 2m/year; fastest eroding coastline in Europe
What are the main landforms created by erosion at the Holderness Coast?
Flamborough Head (stacks, arches)
Which landform represents deposition at the Holderness Coast?
Spurn Point (spit)
What management strategies have been implemented at Mappleton?
£2 million groynes and rock armour
What type of coastal management exists in Hornsea?
Seawall, groynes
What management strategy has been taken at Spurn Point?
Abandoned to natural processes
What issue arises from coastal management in Holderness?
Increased erosion downstream of defences
What is the location of the Dorset Coast?
South coast of England, ~95 miles from East Devon to Dorset
What types of coastlines are found at the Dorset Coast?
Concordant (e.g., Lulworth Cove) and discordant coastlines (e.g., Swanage Bay)
What are the erosional landforms at the Dorset Coast?
Durdle Door (arch), Old Harry Rocks (stack/stump)
What is a significant depositional landform at the Dorset Coast?
Chesil Beach (tombolo)
What processes are involved in coastal changes at the Dorset Coast?
Erosion (hydraulic action, abrasion) and longshore drift
What management strategies are used in Swanage?
Sea wall, groynes, beach nourishment
Why is the Dorset Coast significant?
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Where is Kiribati located?
Pacific Ocean, 33 low-lying coral atolls
What is the threat faced by Kiribati?
Rising sea levels (3.2 mm/year) due to climate change
What are the impacts of rising sea levels in Kiribati?
Land inundation; freshwater contamination by saltwater intrusion
What potential future issue does Kiribati face?
Potential displacement of entire population (climate refugees)
What adaptation measures has the Kiribati government taken?
Purchased land in Fiji for future relocation
What coastal protection measures are being implemented in Kiribati?
Building sea walls and mangrove planting
What is the location of the Sundarbans?
Delta region at the Bay of Bengal; world’s largest mangrove forest
What hazards does the Sundarbans face?
Coastal erosion, cyclones, flooding, sea level rise
What ecosystem services does the Sundarbans provide?
Natural protection against storm surges and flooding; biodiversity hotspot (tigers, crocodiles)
What challenges does the Sundarbans face?
Deforestation and human encroachment; rising sea levels threaten mangrove survival
What management strategies are in place for the Sundarbans?
Mangrove afforestation programs; sustainable development projects and ecotourism
What are examples of hard engineering on the UK coastline?
Groynes and seawalls at Hornsea and Mappleton
What coastal management scheme exists in Lyme Regis?
Multi-phase coastal management scheme: sea walls, rock armour, beach nourishment
What does the Lyme Regis management scheme protect against?
Protects town from landslides and erosion
What is an advantage of hard engineering?
Immediate protection of infrastructure and property
What is a disadvantage of hard engineering?
Expensive, can increase erosion elsewhere (e.g., Holderness)
