Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NSCI 201 > Cortical States - Chapter 28 > Flashcards

Cortical States - Chapter 28 Flashcards

1
Q

Cortical States

A

Sleep/Wakefulness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a circadian rhytm?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is it programmed biologically?

A

Need external cues to distinguish day and night but they are regulated internally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Where is the central/master clock

A

Hypothalamus(Superchiasmatic nucleus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Peripheral clock

A

Sensors in retina signals hypothalamus - SCN - Master clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physical activity

A

Signaled by increased temperature and metabolism (muscle tissue and other organs) - Peripheral Clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How are hormones secreted

A

Hypothalamus connects to pituitary which sends signal to secrete a hormone, not associated to cognition, associated to autonomic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Andrew Huberman

A

Focuses on achieving maximal cognitive performance, seeing low angles of light and working out. Seeing light in day is awesome. Using 2 best signals to regulate inner clock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does core body temp reach it’s peak?

A

At night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Melatonin reaches peak when…

A

No light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When does cortisol peak?

A

When you wake up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Regulation of circadian rhythm through light

A

Intrinsically photosensitive ganglion cells - MELANOPSIN -> Superchiasmatic nucleus -> down spinal cord -> up to pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is cortisol opposed to? What does it do? When does it peak?

A

Melatonin. Synchronize cells in body - immune system response - intense physical activity - psychological and emotional stress. 6am

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lack of light has an effect on…

A

Emotional neural circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Alternative pathway found that circadian rhythm affects mood…

A

thalamic perihabenular nucleus -> Nucleus Accumbens -> medial Prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sleep - Behaviourally

A

Reversible state of perceptual disengagement from and unresponsiveness to the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sleep - Electrophysiologically

A

Brain wave criteria - patterns of electrical activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Current view of sleep

A

Highly organized state generated by the cooperative interplay of many behavioral and neural components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the 4 theories for the purpose of sleep?

A

1) Energy conservation: Replenish brain glycogen levels - decreased metabolism
2) Evolutionary thing bc we can see stuff at night and its better to pause and avoid predators
3) Consolidation of memory: closes gate b/w short term and long term memory states
4) Clearance of metabolic waste: Cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

EEG - Stages of Sleep - Name the 5 waves

A

1) Gamma(30-100)
2) Beta(12-30)
3) Alpha (8-12)
4) Theta (4-7)
5) Delta (1-4Hz)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

High frequency, low amplitude

A

Awake (Beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Low frequency, High amplitude

A

Drowsier (Alpha) More synchronized when sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Stage I sleep (Purves terminology)

A

Transition to sleep/drowsiness - waves start showing lower frequency, higher amplitude
Low arousal Threshold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When we sleep thalamus…

A

Closes gate, no more info from outside world

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Stage II

A

Sleep spindles - bursts of activity 10-12HZ
Lower frequency, Higher amplitude
K-complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stage III and IV

A

Slow-wave sleep
#of spindles decreases
Delta waves(0.5-4)
Highest arousal threshold(hard to wake person up)
Might disappear from later cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

REM

A

EEG similar to wake
Rapid eye movement
Physiological variables increase
Pupils constrict
Paralysis of large muscle groups
Small ones twitch
Spontaneous penile erection
More dreaming
REM becomes longer across night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

K-Complex

A

Some bit of external information reached the cortex - spike in activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Parameters of sleep - 6 of them

A

1)Decrease in muscle tone
2)Body movements
3)Heart rate
4)Blood pressure
5)Metabolic rate
6)temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Dreaming in non-REM

A

Features of memory
non-emotional
short
less visual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Dreaming in REM

A

long
visual
emotional
bizarre
unrelated to what happened in the day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Percentage of Sensory Modalities in dreams

A

Visual: 100%
Auditory: 65%
Vestibular: 8%
Temp: 4%
Tactile, olfactory, gustatory: 1%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Emotional content of dreams

A

Anxiety: 14%
Surprise: 9%
Joy: 7%
Sadness: 5%
Shame: 2%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

PENILE ERECTIONS

A

Men
Women get physiological counterparts of sexual arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

REM sleep goes down throughout life

A

Infants have most dreams - REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Magoun and Morizzi - 1949

A

Stimulating midbrain-pons junction induces wakefulness and arousal (cats)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Walter Hess

A

low frequency pulses to thalamus induce slow-wave sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Patterned interaction b/w brainstem, thalamus and cortex

39
Q

Three groups of nuclei in brainstem sending outputs to the cortex through thalamus

A

Noradrenaline
Seratonin
Acetylcoline

40
Q

Thalamocortical interactions

A

Interactions b/w thalamus and brainstem

41
Q

Tonically Active

A

Neurons depolarized by sensory stimuli(peripheral) - Wakefulness - “gate open”

42
Q

Intrinsic Bursting State - OSCILLATORY STATE

A
  • gate is closed - fires in oscillatory rate - “disconnected from outside world” (e.g asleep)
43
Q

What determines if thalamus is open or closed? Whether you are in oscillatory state or tonically active state?

A

Brainstem nuclei

44
Q

Cortical state depend on which NT’s? What do they each do?

A

Noradrenaline: wakefulness
Cholinergic(acetylcholine): complex information processing and cognitive processes(present in both wakefulness and REM sleep)
Serotonin: “intermediate” NT. In high quantities linked with wakefulness, in minor quantities it’s linked to Non-REM sleep

45
Q

Where to brainstem nuclei operating with distinct NT’s that project to?

A

thalamocortical neurons

46
Q

Cholinergic nuclei

A

Reticular activation
Desynchronization of EEG
Wakefulness and REM sleep

47
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

Noradrenergic neurons

48
Q

Raphe Nuclei

A

Serotoninergic neurons

49
Q

Noradrenergic neurons and serotoninergic neurons are _____ modulated by ______ nucleus of the hypothalamus (histhamine)

A

positively
tuberomamillary

50
Q

Lateral Hypothalamus(orexin)

A

Activates noradrenergic neurons or serotoninergic neurons

51
Q

2 substances that increase/activate noradrenergic neurons

A

1) Cocaine
2) Wellbatrine

52
Q

Tubermomamillar nucleus

A

Keeps us awake

53
Q

Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VPLO)

A

Inhibits noradrenaline, cholinergic and seroroninergic neurons

54
Q

Valium

A

Causes wakefulness neurons to be inhibited by increasing GABAergic neurons of the VPLO - Ventrolateral Preoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus

55
Q

REM-on cholinergic neurons

A

Acetylcholine - rem sleep

56
Q

REM-off serotoninergic neurons

A

Serotonin - non rem sleep

57
Q

High activation, external info, noradrenaline

A

Waking

58
Q

High activation, internal info, acetylcholine

A

REM sleep

59
Q

Medium activation, both internal and external source, serotonin minor quantities

A

Non-REM sleep

60
Q

Increased activity regions in REM sleep

A

Amygdala, para hippocampus, pontine tegmentum, ACC(lymbic system - high emotionality)

61
Q

Decreased activity regions in REM sleep

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior cingulate cortex

62
Q

Why is there not a lot of inhibition of impulses when we are dreaming?

A

Because activity in PFC is decreased in REM sleep therefore resulting in less control of your actions and being less socially acceptable in your dreams.

63
Q

What are the neural circuits that happen in REM sleep? 3of them

A

1) Hyperpolarization of spinal cord motor neurons:
- Inhibits movement in sleep
- Pontine inhibitory area - medulla - spine
2) REM Saccades
- Pons reticular formation -> eye movements
3) PGO (pontine-geniculate-occipital) waves
- Phasic bursts of AP occur throughout forebrain in association with rapid eye movements

64
Q

What is the main ACTIVATING NT?

A

Noradrenaline - induces wakefulness

65
Q

Does wakefulness equal consciousness?

A

wakefulness != consiousness

66
Q

Awareness vs Self awareness

A

Consciousness as awareness

67
Q

What operates with 3 distinct NT’s that promote wakefulness? What are the NT’s? What do these 3 NT’s determine?

A

A group of brainstem nuclei referred to as the RETICULAR ACTIVATION SYSTEM
1) Serotonin
2) Acetylcholine
3) Noradrenaline
These determine your cortical state.

68
Q

Nuclei in hypothalamus that promote the action of brainstem nuclei

A

Tuberomamillar nuclei. Works with histhamine and wakes you up.

69
Q

Nuclei in thalamus that decrease the action of brainstem nuclei

A

Ventrolateral preoptic nuclei. Works with GABA

70
Q

Wakefulness (thalamus “gate” open) - What combination of NT’s?

A

Noradrenerigic + cholinergic + serotoninergic

71
Q

What NT has to be absent to be asleep? Thalamus “gate” closes

A

Noradrenergic

72
Q

REM sleep combo of NT’s?

A

Low Noradrenaline + Acetylcoline

73
Q

Non-REM sleep combo of NT’s?

A

low noradrenaline, low CHOLINERGIC + Serotonin pulses

74
Q

When brainstem(Reticular activation formation) sends inputs to thalamus the gate is ____ and it is in a _____ state

A

Open
Tonically Active State

75
Q

When there is no input from the brainstem to the thalamus it goes into ______ state, the gate is _______, EEG is ______, higher ________, lower ________

A

Intrinsic bursting state
Closed
More Synchronized
Amplitude
Frequency

76
Q

What regulates the brainstem? Which specific 3 nuclei?

A

Lateral Hypothalamus (orexin) - Activates brainstem - Wakefulness
Tuberomammillary nucleus (histamine) - Activates brainstem - Wakefulness
Ventrolateral Preoptic nucleus (GABA) - Inhibits brainstem - Sleep

77
Q

Brainstem nuclei

A

Cholinergic nuclei: Wakefulness and REM
Locus Coeruleus(Noradrenaline): Wakefulness
Raphe Nuclei(Serotonin): Wakefulness and NREM

78
Q

Parasomnias (Sleep walking, sleep talking, confusional arousals, night terrors, REM behavior disorder)

A

Happen during stages 3 and 4 of sleep - delta wave or deep sleep
When short episodes the EEG doesn’t change
When they are longer, the EEG pattern changes to an “active” (awake or REM) pattern

79
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

Descending inhibition of motor neurons is impaired

80
Q

William James

A

Definition of Attention

81
Q

Attention as a filter - selective processing - Who said this?

A

Allocation of neural resources at to the analysis of particular info “at the expense of resources that might have been allocated to other concurrent information”

82
Q

Colin Cherry, 1950

A
  • presented diff dialogues to each ear at same time, subjects would report accurately the content of the attended channel but barely the other
83
Q

Anne Treisman

A

“a filtering system that could attenuate the inputs from concurrent channels in a flexible manner”

84
Q

Consciousness and Attention

A

Attended info reaches threshold to enter into consciousness
Focusing neural resources according to the contingencies of the moment
Influence of perceptual load - more stimulus makes it harder to bring everything to conscious attention

85
Q

Endogenous Attention - Top -down attention

A

Based on prior knwoledge, willful plans and current goals
300ms to few seconds
Consciously direct attention to particular thing when told to

86
Q

Michael Posner - Late 1970’s

A

Visual fixation on central point
Arrow appears in middle pointing left or right
Indicates where upcoming target stimulus will most likely be
When target appears, subject must perform a discrimination task such as indicating whether the target is a circle or an oval.
In most of the trials the target is presented at the cued
location, but sometimes it is presented at another location.
- Subjects respond faster to targets appearing at the cued location (“valid”) than those appearing away from the cued location (“invalid”).
An advantage of this and related paradigms is quantification of attentional effects.

87
Q

Exogenous(involuntary) Attention - Bottom-up attention

A

Unexpected stimuli (noise, flash of light) causes shift in focus trumping whatever else a person was attending at that moment.
In conjunction with that shift in attention, the unexpected stimulus also facilitates the processing of info in that region, at the same time diminishing the efficacy of processing elsewhere
75ms to a few hundred ms
After 400ms, “inhibition of return”

88
Q

3 differences b/w endogenous and exogenous attention

A

Time courses of their influence on target processing.
Exogenous is faster.
endogenous has predictive value, exogenous does not

89
Q

Endogenous spatial vs non-spatial

A

Spatial - Cue in a spot task
Non-spatial - Color word in a diff visual color

90
Q

Inhibition of Return - IDK LEARN IT

A
91
Q

Overt Attention - Who? What?

A

Alfred Yarbus
Orienting head and eyes to a stimulus, aligning visual and auditory processing and improving perception

92
Q

Covert Attention

A

Alfred Yarbus
Directing attention without moving head or eyes.

93
Q

How did Alfred Yarbus track eye movement of the subjects on the paintings?

A

Quantified overt attention by measuring subjects’ patterns of gaze in response to viewing paintings and sculptures, using an ingenious system of small mirrors glued to the eyes of participants which redirected light to photo-tracing paper.

NSCI 201 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions