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BRS YR2 > Cortical Organisation and Function > Flashcards

Cortical Organisation and Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures of the columns in the cerebral cortex?

A
  • Small pyramidal neuron
  • Granule (sellate) neuron
  • Large pyramidal neuron
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2
Q

What is cytoarchitecture?

A

Arrangement of cells by size, spacing, packing, density and layers

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3
Q

What is the role of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Regulating and initiating motor function
  • Language
  • Cognitive functions (executive)
  • Attention
  • Memory
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4
Q

What is the role of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Sensation (touch and pain)
  • Sensory aspects of language
  • Spatial orientation
  • Self-perception
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5
Q

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual information

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6
Q

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Auditory processing
  • Emotions
  • Memories
  • Language
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7
Q

What structures are included in the limbic lobe?

A
  • Amygdala
  • Hippocampus
  • Mammillary body
  • Cingulate Gyrus
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8
Q

What is the role(s) of the limbic lobe?

A
  • Learning
  • Emotion
  • Memory
  • Motivation
  • Reward
    (LEMMR)
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9
Q

Where is the insular cortex?

A

Deep within the lateral fissure

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10
Q

What is the insular cortex involved in?

A
  • Visceral sensations
  • Autonomic control
  • Auditory processing
  • Visual-vestibular integration
  • Interoception
    (VAAVI)
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11
Q

What is grey matter comprised of?

A
  • Neuronal cell bodies
  • Gilal cells
    (85 million each)
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12
Q

What is white matter comprised of?

A

Myelinated neuronal axons (arranged in tracts)

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13
Q

What do white matter tracts do?

A

Connect cortical areas

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14
Q

What are association fibres?

A

White matter tracts that connects areas in the same hemisphere

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15
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

White matter that connects homologous structures in the left and right hemispheres.

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16
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

White matter that connects the cortex with lower brain structures (thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord)

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17
Q

What are the 4 main association fibres?

A
  • short ‘u’ fibres
  • Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  • Arcuate Fasciculus
  • Inferior Longitudinal Fasciculus
  • Uncinate Fasciculus
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18
Q

What does the superior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and occipital lobes

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19
Q

What does the arcuate fasciculus connect?

A

The frontal and temporal lobes

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20
Q

What does the inferior longitudinal fasciculus connect?

A

The temporal and occipital lobes.

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21
Q

What does the uncinate fasciculus connect?

A

The anterior frontal and temporal lobes

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22
Q

What are the 2 main commissural fibres?

A
  • Corpus callosum
  • Anterior commissure
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23
Q

What are the 2 different directions of projection fibres?

A
  • Afferent (towards the cortex)
  • Efferent (away from the cortex)
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24
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A
  • Projection fibres deeper to the cortex
  • converge through the internal capsule between the thalamus and the basal ganglia.
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25
Q

Characteristics of the primary cortices?

A
  • Predictable function
  • Topographical organisation
  • Symmetrical
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26
Q

Characteristics of the secondary/association cortices?

A
  • less predictable function
  • not organised topographically
  • weak or absent symmetry
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27
Q

What is the role of the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Fine, discrete, precise and voluntary movements
  • descending signals for movement
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28
Q

What is the role of the supplementary motor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Planning complex movements
(internally cued)
learnt movements

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29
Q

What is the role of the premotor area of the frontal lobe?

A

Planning externally cued movements

30
Q

What is the role of the primary somatosensory area of the parietal lobe?

A

Processes somatic sensations from the rest of the body:

  • Fine touch
  • Vibration
  • Two-point discrimination
  • Proprioception
  • Pain
  • Temperature
31
Q

What is the role of the somatosensory association of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Interprets the significance of the sensory information
  • Awareness of self and awareness of personal space
32
Q

What is the role of the primary visual area of the occipital lobe?

A

Processing visual stimuli

33
Q

What is the role of the visual association of the occipital lobe?

A

Provides meaning and interpretation of the visual input.

34
Q

What is the role of the primary auditory region of the temporal lobe?

A

Processes auditory stimuli

35
Q

What is the role of the auditory association in the temporal lobe?

A

Gives meaning and interprets the auditory input

36
Q

What is the role of the prefrontal cortex?

A
  • Attention
  • Social behaviour
  • Planning
  • Personality expression
  • Decision making
37
Q

What is the role of Broca’s area?

A

Production of language

38
Q

What is the role of Wernicke’s area?

A

The understanding of language

39
Q

What is the effect of frontal lobe lesions?

A
  • Changes in personality
  • Inappropriate behaviour
40
Q

What is the effect of parietal lobe lesions?

A
  • Contralateral neglect
  • Lack of awareness of self (opposite side to site of the lesion)
  • Lack of awareness of extrapersonal space
    (opposite side to site of the lesion)
41
Q

What is the effect of temporal lobe lesions?

A
  • Agnosia (unable to recognise)
  • Anterograde amnesia (unable to form new memories)
42
Q

What is the effect of a lesion to Broca’s area?

A 
Expressive aphasia 
(poor production of speech, comprehension intact)
43
Q

What is the effect of a lesion to Wernicke’s area?

A
  • Receptive aphasia
  • poor comprehension of speech, production is fine
44
Q

What is the effect of lesions to the primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe?

A

Blindness in the corresponding region of the visual field (opposite side of lesion).

45
Q

What effect does a lesion to the visual association cortex of the occipital lobe have?

A

Deficits in interpretation of visual information

  • prosopagnosia: unable to recognise or learn faces
  • agnosia (inability to recognise colour)
46
Q

What are the 2 forms of imaging cortical function?

A
  • PET (positron emission tomography)
  • fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)
47
Q

What does a PET scan indicate?

A

The blood flow into the region

48
Q

What does the fMRI scan show?

A

The blood oxygen levels in the brain region.

49
Q

What are the 2 forms of encephalography used to assess cortical function?

A
  • EEG (electroencephalography)
  • MEG
    (magentoencephalography)
50
Q

What does a EEG measure?

A

The electrical signals produced by the brain

51
Q

What does a MEG measure?

A

The magnetic signals produced by the brain

52
Q

How does the EEG assess the cortical function?

A
  • Visual evoked potentials
  • Event-related potentials/evoked potentials
53
Q

What is a DTI?

A
  • Diffusion tensor imaging
  • based on the diffusion of water molecules
54
Q

What is a DTI with tractography

A

A 3D reconstruction used to assess the neural tracts.

55
Q

What does tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) involve?

A

Using a low direct current over the scalp to increase or decrease neuronal firing rates

56
Q

What has tDCS been proven as a promising treatment for?

A
  • Drug-resistant epilepsy
  • Depression
57
Q

What does TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation) involve?

A

Using electromagnetic induction to stimulate neurons

58
Q

What does TMS assess?

A

The functional integrity of neural circuts

59
Q

What has TMS been seen as a promising treatment of?

A
  • Migraines
  • Depression
  • Tinnitus
  • Epilepsy
60
Q

What can TMS be used to investigate?

A
  • Neural interactions controlling movement following spinal cord lesions
  • The responsibility of different parts of the brain
61
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • covers the entire surface of the brain
  • together with deep nuclei, contains grey matter
  • highly folded with gyri and sulci
  • organised into lobes
62
Q

What sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobe?

A

the central sulcus

63
Q

What seperates the parietal and occipital lobe?

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

64
Q

What seperates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobe?

A

lateral fissure

65
Q

What fissure separates the 2 hemispheres?

A

deep longitudinal fissure

66
Q

What happens if you have a lesion on the right parietal lobe?

A
  • left contralateral neglect
  • lack of self-awareness and spatial awareness
67
Q

What is neglect?

A
  • lack of awareness of sensory information in the visual field
  • result of parietal lobe damage
68
Q

What is agnosia?

A

the inability to recognise objects

69
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

in the frontal lobe

70
Q

When are EEGs used?

A

in the diagnosis of epilepsy and sleep disorders

71
Q

How does an EEG of somatosensory evoked potentials work?

A
  • stimulation given to the median nerve
  • series of waves that reflect sequential activation of neural structures along the somatosensory pathways

BRS YR2 (67 decks)

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