Correlational Studies

Question 1

True or False
This is an example of a chi square test; 2 anesthetics are compared, where the individual only receives one injection (data is presented in a “contingency table”

Answer 1

True

Question 2

You can obtain the expected values of the data in a contingency table by taking the ________ of numbers in the cells and multiplying it by the ______ number

Answer 2

probability

total

Question 3

Once we have the observed and expected frequencies for each cell in a contingency test, we can look at the __________ and see if it could have occurred by ______

Answer 3

difference

chance

Question 4

True or False

A contingency test is a family of curves depending on the sample size/number of variables

Answer 4

False; chi-square test

Question 5

When calculating ____ _____ you take the observed value - expected value and square, then divide by the expected

Answer 5

chi square

Question 6

The bigger the number of chi square the ______ the difference is

Answer 6

bigger

Question 7

Chi-square assumptions include, both groups are _______, composed of _______ or _____ data, the categories are _______ exclusive (either a yes or no), and all expected frequencies are greater than or equal to _____

Answer 7

independent
nominal
ordinal
mutually
5

Question 8

________ refers to how consistent or reproducible observations or measurements are

Answer 8

reliability

Question 9

True or False

An example of intra-reliability is two different examiners on the same day

Answer 9

False; that is an example of inter-relaibility

intra-reliability is where it is one examiner on different days

Question 10

Reliability coefficients include ____-____ correlation and, ______ and _____ kappa statistics

Answer 10

intra-class
weighted
simple

Question 11

Weighted kappa statistics involve _____ data (i.e. slightly off/way off/progressive scale)

Answer 11

ordinal

Question 12

Simple kappa statistics involve _____ data (i.e. yes or no)

Answer 12

nominal

Question 13

Intra-class correlation involves _____ or _____ data (i.e. set scale; 1, 2, 3, 4 and must choose a point)

Answer 13

interval or ratio

Question 14

A reliability coefficient of >_____ is considered excellent, and <____ is considered poor

Answer 14

0. 75

0. 40

Question 15

_______ refers to how closely your, observations, measurement instrument, or measurements are to the actual or accepted values ( i.e. the “gold standard”)

Answer 15

validity

Question 16

_______ tests indicate presence or absence of disease; they are usually compared to the “gold standard”

Answer 16

diagnostic

Question 17

_______ answers the question of “if disease is present how often is the test positive”; it is proportional with the true diseases that is diagnosed as having disease by the test

Answer 17

sensitivity

Question 18

If you have a high ________, then false negatives are low

Answer 18

sensitivity

Question 19

_______ answers the question of “if disease is absent, how often is the test negative”; ability of test to correct identity those without disease; useful for ruling in presence of disease

Answer 19

specificity

Question 20

If _______ is high, then false positives are low

Answer 20

specificity

Question 21

Pneumonic for remembering sensitivity vs specificity;
SPIN
SNOUT

Answer 21

high specificity rules IN disease

high sensitivity rules OUT disease

Question 22

Specificity and sensitivity are stable; and do _____ ____ depending on underlying disease, prevalence, and number of patients tested

Answer 22

not change

Question 23

______ is the portion of results that agrees with the “gold standard”

Answer 23

accuracy