Correlation Flashcards
The variables that are measured/recorded are known as the _____ variables:
Dependent
_____ statistics refers to the collection of methods used to classify or summarise data:
Descriptive
_____ statistics refers to the collection of methods used to infer from data:
Inferential
Pearson’s ‘r’ is also known as the:
Correlation coefficient
Pearson’s r/correlation coefficient measures what?
The strength of the linear relationship between 2 variables
If data is linear:
The points fall on a straight line
If data is curvilinear, an increase in __ results in an increase in __ which then results in a decrease in __:
x; y; y
____ ranges can result in a misleading low r:
Restricted
Which type of statistical analysis allows us to draw causation from multiple directions?
Cross-lagged-panel procedure
____ measure the direction of causation across time:
Diagonals
Correlation in statistics refers to:
The relationship between dependent variables
Height and weight, high school grades and university grades and prenatal anxiety and premature birth are all examples of correlation. True or false?
True
“Taller people weigh more, but height does not equal weight” is an example of ____, rather than ____:
Correlation; causation
Which type of graph is used to depict correlation?
Scatterplot
If x increases and so does y, then the correlation is ____:
Positive
If Tony’s grades improve and so does his productivity at home, then there is a ____ correlation:
Positive
If x increases then y decreases, then the correlation is ____:
Negative
If Zoey increases her daily water intake and notices that her acne is clearing up, then there is a ____ correlation:
Negative
If x and y are not related at all, then there is ____ correlation:
Zero
Height and intelligence have a positive (+) correlation. True or false?
False
If plots on a graph are closer together and linear, then they have ___ correlation & ___ predictability:
High; better
If plots on a graph are scattered but still linear, they have ___ correlation and ___ predictability:
Some; some
If plots on a graph are scattered and the direction is indiscernable, then there is ___ correlation & ___ predictability
Zero; zero
The Yerkes-Dodson law curve is an example of a ____ relationship:
Curvilinear
Pearson’s r can be used to equate the correlation between variables for which type of analysis?
The cross-lagged-panel procedure
The underlying assumption of the cross-lagged-panel procedure is that if one variable ____ the other, then it should be _____ strongly related over time:
Causes; more
The size and direction of the _____ _____ as shown by ___ can be used to determine ______:
Correlation coefficient; r; correlation
The CLPP can be complemented by which 3 other types of analyses?
Multiple regression; path analysis; partial correlation
In Eron’s (1982) follow-up of his 1972 study on violent television and aggressive behaviour he found that r=.31. This means that:
Violent TV consumption at a young age may produce aggressive behaviour years later
An r of .05 would suggest:
No correlation between variables
The CLPP can conclusively identify causation between variables across time. True or false?
False - it can only identify possible directions of correlation
It is possible to measure the correlation between 2 independent variables. True or false?
False
It is believed that babies born to women who smoked are less likely to score well on which scale?
The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale
Variables that are thought to be correlated must be measured on different individuals. True or false?
False - must be the same individuals
Which 2 types of measurement should be used to express a correlation?
Interval scale; ratio scale
In r=0, then the relationship is either ____ or ____:
Non-existent; non-linear
