Correlation

Question 1

The variables that are measured/recorded are known as the _____ variables:

Answer 1

Dependent

Question 2

_____ statistics refers to the collection of methods used to classify or summarise data:

Answer 2

Descriptive

Question 3

_____ statistics refers to the collection of methods used to infer from data:

Answer 3

Inferential

Question 4

Pearson’s ‘r’ is also known as the:

Answer 4

Correlation coefficient

Question 5

Pearson’s r/correlation coefficient measures what?

Answer 5

The strength of the linear relationship between 2 variables

Question 6

If data is linear:

Answer 6

The points fall on a straight line

Question 7

If data is curvilinear, an increase in __ results in an increase in __ which then results in a decrease in __:

Answer 7

x; y; y

Question 8

____ ranges can result in a misleading low r:

Answer 8

Restricted

Question 9

Which type of statistical analysis allows us to draw causation from multiple directions?

Answer 9

Cross-lagged-panel procedure

Question 10

____ measure the direction of causation across time:

Answer 10

Diagonals

Question 11

Correlation in statistics refers to:

Answer 11

The relationship between dependent variables

Question 12

Height and weight, high school grades and university grades and prenatal anxiety and premature birth are all examples of correlation. True or false?

Answer 12

True

Question 13

“Taller people weigh more, but height does not equal weight” is an example of ____, rather than ____:

Answer 13

Correlation; causation

Question 14

Which type of graph is used to depict correlation?

Answer 14

Scatterplot

Question 15

If x increases and so does y, then the correlation is ____:

Answer 15

Positive

Question 16

If Tony’s grades improve and so does his productivity at home, then there is a ____ correlation:

Answer 16

Positive

Question 17

If x increases then y decreases, then the correlation is ____:

Answer 17

Negative

Question 18

If Zoey increases her daily water intake and notices that her acne is clearing up, then there is a ____ correlation:

Answer 18

Negative

Question 19

If x and y are not related at all, then there is ____ correlation:

Answer 19

Zero

Question 20

Height and intelligence have a positive (+) correlation. True or false?

Answer 20

False

Question 21

If plots on a graph are closer together and linear, then they have ___ correlation & ___ predictability:

Answer 21

High; better

Question 22

If plots on a graph are scattered but still linear, they have ___ correlation and ___ predictability:

Answer 22

Some; some

Question 23

If plots on a graph are scattered and the direction is indiscernable, then there is ___ correlation & ___ predictability

Answer 23

Zero; zero

Question 24

The Yerkes-Dodson law curve is an example of a ____ relationship:

Answer 24

Curvilinear

Question 25

Pearson’s r can be used to equate the correlation between variables for which type of analysis?

Answer 25

The cross-lagged-panel procedure

Question 26

The underlying assumption of the cross-lagged-panel procedure is that if one variable ____ the other, then it should be _____ strongly related over time:

Answer 26

Causes; more

Question 27

The size and direction of the _____ _____ as shown by ___ can be used to determine ______:

Answer 27

Correlation coefficient; r; correlation

Question 28

The CLPP can be complemented by which 3 other types of analyses?

Answer 28

Multiple regression; path analysis; partial correlation

Question 29

In Eron’s (1982) follow-up of his 1972 study on violent television and aggressive behaviour he found that r=.31. This means that:

Answer 29

Violent TV consumption at a young age may produce aggressive behaviour years later

Question 30

An r of .05 would suggest:

Answer 30

No correlation between variables

Question 31

The CLPP can conclusively identify causation between variables across time. True or false?

Answer 31

False - it can only identify possible directions of correlation

Question 32

It is possible to measure the correlation between 2 independent variables. True or false?

Answer 32

False

Question 33

It is believed that babies born to women who smoked are less likely to score well on which scale?

Answer 33

The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale

Question 34

Variables that are thought to be correlated must be measured on different individuals. True or false?

Answer 34

False - must be the same individuals

Question 35

Which 2 types of measurement should be used to express a correlation?

Answer 35

Interval scale; ratio scale

Question 36

In r=0, then the relationship is either ____ or ____:

Answer 36

Non-existent; non-linear