Corrections Final Flashcards
Legal Issues with Prisons
What happens within corrections is ‘none of our business’, whatever is necessary for punishment… but this frequently leads to abuse of power
Sociology of Confinement - What are some things that affect inmates transitions?
- Inmate is confronted by a new place
- Experiences before prison come into play
- Fellow inmates have major influences
Sociology of Confinement - Factors that Affect Adjustment
- Pre prison experiences
- Characteristics of Inmates
- External influences / expectations
Forms of Adaptation (John Irwin) - Four Adaptations / Roles
Doing Time
Gleaning
Jailing
Disorganized
Doing Time
Sees doing time as a break in their careers as criminals
The prison experience is not going to make much of an impact on these people
Gleaning
Taking advantage of what is being offered
Jailing
Individual cuts themselves off from the outside in a nonchalant manner
“State Raised”
Disorganized
These individuals tend to have psych problems, physical disabilities, or things that don’t allow them to be involved in normative ways
*Sometimes other inmates prey on these individuals
Inmate Code
Don't: *Bring Heat *Exploit inmates *Cop out *Talk to a screw Do: *Be tough, be a man *Have connections
Death Penalty
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Describe the Moratorium, and give states who are carrying it out
Moratorium - Have death penalty and are not carrying it out.
Colorado, Oregon
Describe the Repeal & the states that have repealed
New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Connecticut, Illinois
Narrow Circumstances -What are the circumstances & what states have this plan?
Maryland - DNA and Video only
DNA Testing & The Innocence Project - what is the concept?
Intended to use journalism and law students to examine cases to find miscarriages of justice.
Supports the reanalysis of physical evidence in the crime - with dna analysis
Death Penalty - Public Opinion (today vs. ‘98)
Today - around 55%
This is down from 80% in 1998
How many countries have retained, abolished, and kept the death penalty for rare circumstances?
Retained - 58
Abolished - 97
Retentionist - 42
Arguments in favor of the death penalty
Retribution Deterrence "Just deserts" for a capital offense Incapacitation Public Support
Arguments against the death penalty
Barbaric Unfair and error prone Nothing more than revenge More expensive than life Arbitrary Not actually a deterrent Incapacitation can be life w/o parole
Factors that affect Re-Entry
Identification Housing Employment Readiness Transportation Money Management / Credit Education options & resources Healthy lifestyles Family relationships
Identification Challenges
How do you prove your identity to get an ID other than a state corrections ID
Housing Challenges
Where will you live? Family is ideal… but what is available with the amount of money?
Employment Readiness & retention
The world has changed a lot since incarceration… Do you know how to use the internet?
Transportation
How do you get to and from work? 16 bus tokens won’t get you far
Money Management / Credit
Former inmates often have poor money mgmt skills
Educations options, Resources, Issues
Some schools won’t touch you if you’ve been convicted of a felony
Healthy Lifestyles
Can be difficult to overcome the challenges with peer influences re:drugs, etc.
Family Relationships
It’s important to maintain family relationships - things can be v difficult if you get out and don’t have these.
–Community Corrections–
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Why do we have CC?
Alternative means of punishment for those who would benefit more from staying in the community
Types of Community Corrections
Parole, Probation, Halfway Houses, Boot Camps
Parole
*Conditional, revocable release from incarceration
Who grants parole?
Parole board
Who is eligible?
Good time, earned time factor in
What is required before granting parole?
Interview with a plan - where are you going?
Parole Board hearing - decisions made
Similar to probation, what are some conditions that are required of parolees?
Obey all laws Pay restitution to vic Attend classes/programs Pay fine Stay away from victim Supervision/Checking in
Probation
Roots in benefit of clergy - Church had its own power to punish
Sentence where offender can remain in community - subject to supervision and other conditions
John Augustus
Responsible “father” of probation.
“If you don’t sentence him to jail, I will ensure that he leads a lawful life”
Turned out to be a success - eventually took on a caseload
Technical vs. Susbstantive violations
Technical - picked up in bar you weren’t supposed to be in
Substantive - you robbed a bar.
Halfway Houses
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What groups originally ran these Houses
Religious groups - used to be accommodating with food, shelter, clothing, etc
Now who runs these Houses
Private entities - “pay us this much and we will service x amount of inmates who come through”
Larimer, Weld - only two that run their own in the state
Goals of a halfway house
Build and maintain ties
Individualize sentences
Resocialize in a “normal” manner
Economical, cheaper, etc.
Boot Camps - What philosophy?
Shock incarceration
What are the objectives of a boot camp
Deterrent jolt / stimulate readiness for rehab / community protection?
What is net widening?
process of administrative or practical changes that result in a greater number of individuals controlled by the CJ system
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Women in Corrections
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Why are women referred to as “forgotten offenders?”
- Institutions are fewer and farther away
- Fewer programs, fewer women
- Fewer specialized insititutions
- More drugs, less violent offenses
- More physical / sexual abuse
Race & Ethnicity in Corrections
Very disproportionate minority contact & confinement
What is racism?
Race –> Hereditary Traits –> Racism
What is ethnocentrism?
Ethnicity –> Cultural Features –> Ethnocentrism
Where are there disparities in CJ?
Bail disparity Sentencing Disparity Drug arrests Drug sentences Time served
15,000 Drug cases studied - for 100months white person, how many more for a black person?
160 months
Mandatory Minimums
Prosecutors are more likely to insist on the mandatory minimums for african americans - this seems to be more due to institutionalized racism
African Americans - some Stats
13% of population
14% of drug users
37% of drug arrestees
56% of people in prison for Drug Offenses
Juvenile Corrections
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Origins of the Juvenile Court
Child severs movement
Parens Patriae - Gov / State was parent of whole nation
Populations served
Youthful Offenders
Status offenders - status as a juvenile means you can’t do certain things
Abused / Neglected / Dependent - child may be incorrigible
Due Process - remember the years
Pre 1967 - Era of Socialized Juvenile Justice 0 - courts had wide latitude, could do pretty much anything
1967 On - Limited due process era - Case called In RE: Gault
Gault Case - Discuss originally what happened
Gault was accused of making an obscene phone call, Denied making the call, was sentenced to juvie
Gault Case - Established due process, what rights do juveniles now have?
- Timely notification of charges
- Confront Witnesses
- No self incrimination
- Counsel
Juvenile Probation–
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Direct order vs. Suspended Incarceration
Under Suspended, you could be sent to an institution if you screw up
Under Direct, this is not a possibility
Conditions unique to Juvenile Probation
Stay in school - usually the main condition
Stay away from bad associations, places, etc.
