Corrections Ex1 Flashcards
Describe the three stages in the CJ system relevant to this course
Police -> Courts -> Corrections. Flow mainly one way, but have feedback loops from Corrections
Corrections & CJ as a whole are influenced by Social, Political, Economic and Legal forces. Describe some examples of each
Social - Family decisions & baby boom increased crime in 70s.
Political - Sentence Doubling
Legal - DUI was not real till 80s
Economic - Restorative Justice was implemented for econ reasons.
Penal Philosophies
I.R.I.D.R.R.R.R.
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Isolation
Keeping individual away from society
Retribution
Eye for an eye
Does not mean revenge
Doesn’t focus on the future, restores balance the offender upset
Incapacitation
Taking away capacity to commit offense again
Deterrence
*general *specific
General - Others watching will be deterred by the punishment
Specific - deterrence for that specific individual
Rehabilitation
We can salvage anyone - anyone can get better
Needs to be a change in heart, not a change in behavior
Restoration
Restoring things to the way they were before the offense
Balanced approach
Rehab is about offender, restoration heals all - community, offender, vic.
Restitution
Money or service paid to victim
May restore balance between offender and victim but not necessarily the community
Reintegration
Ex offenders are coming back to communities - how do we fit them back in?
These Penal Philosophies lead to ACTION MODELS for dealing w offenders
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Medical Treatment - how do we figure out what the problem is?
DRDC-CF
- Intake examination
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
Hard Time
generally intended for hardened criminals, little opportunity for successful treatment if sent elsewhere
Community - what’s an example, too?
Reintegration is ideal
“alternative sentencing”
Workenders - confinement on weekends to serve sentence
Just Deserts
Punishment & Crime should fit each other
No time off for good behavior
Punishment is applied evenly, even when that might not make sense.
Restorative Justice
Restore to victim, accountability of offender, and some sense of order brought back to community
VOM
victim-offender mediation
PHILOSOPHY -> ACTION MODEL -> SENTENCE
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ERAS
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Wellspring Era (until 1800s)
Basis for all subsequent eras. Focused on corporal and capital punishment
Lex Talionis
Measured retaliation - punishment should respond to the degree of the crime
Wergild
Paid restitution. Only existed in narrow circumstances
What kind of philosophy existed?
Isolation
Two families might fight for control, one would be exiled if the lost
The wellspring era gave birth to prisons - what were these originally called, and what were they like?
Gaols - became Workhouses - then Bridewell
People were held in Gaols after conviction but before corporal / capital punishment
Became workhouses in which people were in “debtors prison”
Bridewell House
Originally a leprosy hospital, first prison after lepers moved out
Became model based on which others followed
Began implementing policies
John Howard was captured by the French & spent time in prison. What were his recommendations after he was released?
SAWS
- Sanitary, Secure structure
- Abolition of fees - not a place for profit
- Work completed should serve purpose of reform
- Systematic inspections should be carried out
Howard became a sheriff, and as a result of his efforts the 1779 parlaiment passed the penitentiary act, but was more successful in US
Walnut St. Jail
first american prison as we know it today, was opened due to overcrowding
Penitentiary Era (1800s-1860s)
Focused on deterrence and incapacitation
Increased use of prisons
Pennsylvania System
“seperate and silent” - you’ll be in your cell all of the time. If work is to be done, here’s the wood. Make a chair in your cell.
Easy to go crazy being alone
Auburn / New York System
Prisoners came together for work and meals
Reformatory Era (1860s - 1900s)
- Emphasis on deterrence, rehabilitation, and restoration/reintegration
- Points for good behavior
- Crofton’s ticket of leave - Gradually increased freedom, similar to a parole system
Cincinnati Declaration - TWICERS
Focuses on reformation, not vindictive suffering Job Training Work Ending Indeterminate Sentencing Collect penal statistics Emphasize Religion and Education Reformation Abolish Silence Rule
Industrial Era (1900s - 1930s)
Work through means of rehab
Emphasis on deterrence, incapacitation, rehab
Prisoners were centers of production
Occasionally some prisoners were incap. in a fraudulent manner to keep them as skilled laborers
How did prison labor benefit the institutions?
No payment was given to prisoners for work completed
Work was for profit
Rehabilitation Era (1930s - 1970s)
Emphasis on rehabilitation
Politics should be taken out - pro prohibition
Wickersham Commission
Hoover
Studied “era of lawlessness”
Those in prison for alcohol were otherwise good people
Did not recommend ending prohibition
Retributive / Restorative Era (1970s - 1990s)
Emphasis on retribution, but mixed
Increased sentencing
Increased prison construction & population
Why was this era unique in terms of Conservatives & Liberals?
Both agreed that rehab was a bad idea, but for different reasons
Left - led to unequal outcomes in the CJ system
Right - Rehab is coddling, just doesn’t work
The Martinson Report
State Corrections worker wrote an article blown out of proportions. Provided support for many to be against rehab
Determinate Sentencing
Specified Sentence
Little room for judicial discretion
Truth in sentencing - 10 means 10
Corrections & Criminal Justice
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Difference between Prisons & jails?
Prisons are generally >2 years.
Institutional vs. Community corrections
Institutional - prison
Community - community
Halfway House - sits right between
Sentencing Guidelines
Often in a grid, helps choose sentence based on severity, etc.
Correctional Clients
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Characteristics - PURHY
Poor Uneducated Recidivist Half White Young
Correctional Administration
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Nature of Correctional Administration
Human service / people processing How to measure goals Fragmentation and coordination Centrality of information Privatization
Goals of institutional corrections - SCS
Security
Segregation
Classification
Goals of Community Corrections - DTR
Discipline
Treatment
Restoration
Jails
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Major Distinguishing characteristics of jails, instead of prison
Heterogeneous population - felonies & misd.
Local Administration
Rapid turnover in clients
Limited programs, not exactly focused on rehab
In or near central business districts
Prisons
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Ratio?
1:40
Classification
Process by which prisoners are assigned to a housing unit based on criteria - Risk Assessment is conducted
Security Level
Refers to institution itself - what facility has what security level
Supervision Level
Refers to an individual - previous escape attempts? how well do we have to watch this individual?
What are some factors in a needs assessment? PEWM
Medical
Psychological
Work
Educational
Maximum Security Level
36% of inmates. These are individuals who started at medium and screwed up, OR are very dangerous
Very racially and ethnically segregated
Heavy presence of gangs
Medium Security Level
48%
Default level
Minimum Security Level
16%
Non threatening inmates
Super Maximum
Not really counted %
Obstacles to effective treatment programs
Old institutions
Crowding
Personnel 1:40
Availability of work
Religion as a Treatment Program
Praise & Criticism - state v religion - is that ok?
Education as a Treatment Program
Academic, vocational training programs
Connected to work programs
Work as a Treatment Program
Not enough work to go around
Clinical Treatment Programs
Counseling
Social Casework - looks at family, work, homelife, etc. more holistic approach
Psychological & Psychiatric services
Group Treatment - common issues can be grouped
Drug Abuse Treatment
Therapeutic Community
Principle of Least Eligibility
“Prisoners ought to receive no goods or services in excess of those available to people who have lived under the law”
