Corrections

Question 1

1st line mx of patients with symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse?

Answer 1

Pelvic floor exercises

Question 2

Does an epididymal cyst transilluminate?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

Is an epididymal cyst separate to the testes?

Answer 3

Yes

Question 4

Can you ‘get above’ an epididymal cyst?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What is required to confirm the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 5

Renal biopsy

Question 6

What is a mixed growth in a urine specimen usually a result of?

Answer 6

Contamination

Question 7

Cause of hyperacute renal transplant rejection (minutes to hours)?

Answer 7

due to pre-existing antibodies against ABO or HLA antigens

an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction

no possible treatment and transplant must be removed

Question 8

Early stages of diabetic nephropathy on US?

Answer 8

Enlarged kidneys

Question 9

What is calcium acetate?

Answer 9

A calcium based binder used to treat hyperphosphataemia.

Question 10

What are 2 key side effects of patients with CKD taking calcium based binders?

Answer 10

1) hypercalcaemia
2) vascular calcification

Question 11

What is the most likely outcome following the diagnosis of minimal change disease in paeds?

Answer 11

2/3 –> full recovery but with later current episode

Question 12

What is AIN clasically caused by?

Answer 12

Antiobiotic use & NSAIDs

Question 13

Typical symptoms of AIN?

Answer 13

Fever & rash

Question 14

What is Alfacalcidol?

Answer 14

A vitamin D supplement

Question 15

Why is alfacalcidol used in end-stage renal disease?

Answer 15

It doesn’t require activation in the kidneys

Question 16

What investigation is required in all patients presenting with an AKI of unknown aetiology?

Answer 16

US

Question 17

What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?

Answer 17

Membranous nephropathy

Question 18

What is membranous nephropathy frequently associated with?

Answer 18

Malignancy

Question 19

How can sarcoidosis lead to diabetes insipidus?

Answer 19

Sarcoidosis leads to the formation of granulomas in the pituitary gland, which leads to cranial diabetes insipidus.

Question 20

What type of diabetes insipidus does sarcoidosis cause?

Answer 20

Cranial

Question 21

What acid base imbalance does addison’s disease/adrenal insufficiency cause?

Answer 21

Hyperkalaemic metabolic acidosis

Question 22

What investigation is required in a K+ >6?

Answer 22

ECG

Question 23

What is the 1st line investigation in renal stones?

Answer 23

Non-contrast CT KUB

Question 24

Mx of an obstructive AKI?

Answer 24

Relieve obstruction e.g. insert nephrostomy

Question 25

Why should LAMAs be used with caution in BPH?

Answer 25

As they can increase the risk of urinary retention (due to antimuscarinic effects).