Corrections Flashcards
1st line mx of patients with symptoms of pelvic organ prolapse?
Pelvic floor exercises
Does an epididymal cyst transilluminate?
Yes
Is an epididymal cyst separate to the testes?
Yes
Can you ‘get above’ an epididymal cyst?
Yes
What is required to confirm the diagnosis of nephrotic syndrome?
Renal biopsy
What is a mixed growth in a urine specimen usually a result of?
Contamination
Cause of hyperacute renal transplant rejection (minutes to hours)?
due to pre-existing antibodies against ABO or HLA antigens
an example of a type II hypersensitivity reaction
no possible treatment and transplant must be removed
Early stages of diabetic nephropathy on US?
Enlarged kidneys
What is calcium acetate?
A calcium based binder used to treat hyperphosphataemia.
What are 2 key side effects of patients with CKD taking calcium based binders?
1) hypercalcaemia
2) vascular calcification
What is the most likely outcome following the diagnosis of minimal change disease in paeds?
2/3 –> full recovery but with later current episode
What is AIN clasically caused by?
Antiobiotic use & NSAIDs
Typical symptoms of AIN?
Fever & rash
What is Alfacalcidol?
A vitamin D supplement
Why is alfacalcidol used in end-stage renal disease?
It doesn’t require activation in the kidneys
What investigation is required in all patients presenting with an AKI of unknown aetiology?
US
What is the most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults?
Membranous nephropathy
What is membranous nephropathy frequently associated with?
Malignancy
How can sarcoidosis lead to diabetes insipidus?
Sarcoidosis leads to the formation of granulomas in the pituitary gland, which leads to cranial diabetes insipidus.
What type of diabetes insipidus does sarcoidosis cause?
Cranial
What acid base imbalance does addison’s disease/adrenal insufficiency cause?
Hyperkalaemic metabolic acidosis
What investigation is required in a K+ >6?
ECG
What is the 1st line investigation in renal stones?
Non-contrast CT KUB
Mx of an obstructive AKI?
Relieve obstruction e.g. insert nephrostomy
Why should LAMAs be used with caution in BPH?
As they can increase the risk of urinary retention (due to antimuscarinic effects).
