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Coronary Artery Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main coronary arteries

A

Right & Left

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2
Q

What are the 2 branches of the left coronary artery

A

Anterior descending and left circumflex

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3
Q

What are the 2 branches of the right coronary artery

A

right posterior descending and marginal branch

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4
Q

What coronary vessel dumps deoxygenated blood from coronary circulation into the right atrium?

A

Coronary Sinus

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5
Q

What is the most firmly established risk factor for CAD?

A

Elevated serum lipids

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6
Q

What are the most widely used cholesterol lowering drugs?

A

Statins

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7
Q

What do statins do?

A

Restrict lipoprotein production

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8
Q

What is an effective cholesterol lowering drug that restricts lipoprotein production?

A

Niacin

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9
Q

What are some side effects associated with Niacin?

A

Flushing and Puritis-itching of the skin

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10
Q

What are the 3 stages of CAD & ages of onset?

A

Fatty Streak-15
Fibrous Plaque-30
Complicated lesion-over 30

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11
Q

The amount of blood pumped y each ventricle in one minute

A

Cardiac Output

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12
Q

The peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle pumps

A

Afterload

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13
Q

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole before the next contraction

A

Preload

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14
Q

Unpredictable and unrelieved by rest

A

Unstable angina

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15
Q

Usually precipitated by exertion. Myocardial ischemia is temporary, reversible and controlled by medication

A

Chronic stable angina

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16
Q

Caused by prolonged and complete coronary occlusion

A

ST segment elevation MI

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17
Q

Usually occurs in response to coronary arterial spasm

A

Prinzmetal’s angina

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18
Q

Caused by transient or incomplete coronary occlusion

A

Non ST segment elevation MI

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19
Q

Ischemia that is prolonged and not immediately reversible. Plaque becomes unstable

A

Acute coronary syndrome

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20
Q

Vasodilator that relieves angina pain by decreasing O2 demand and increasing O2 supply. Can be supplied sublingually

A

Nitroglycerine

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21
Q

Aspirin is an example of this

A

Antiplatelet

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22
Q

Acts as an analgesic and sedative. Relieves anxiety and cardiac workload

A

Morphine sulfate

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23
Q

Used for those at high risk for a cardiac event

A

ACE inhibitors

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24
Q

Minimizes bradycardia from vagal stimulation from straining

A

Stool softeners

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25
Usually used to treat Prinmetal's angina
Calcium channel blockers
26
Prevents clots from forming by blocking fibrinogen to fibrin
Heparin
27
Decreases tendency for platelets to aggregate
Antiplatelet
28
Inhibits liver synthesis of vitamin K
Coumadin
29
Blocks conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2
Ace inhibitors
30
Contraindicated for those with asthma
B-andrenergic blockers
31
Requires PT and INR labs
Coumadin
32
Blocks the angiotensin receptors
Ace blockers
33
Requires PTT and APTT labs
Heparin
34
Produces systemic vasodilation, decrease myocardial contractility
Calcium channel blockers
35
May initially potentiate the action of digoxin. Grapefruit juice may inhibit metabolism
Calcium channel blockers
36
A patient with stable angina taking nitro comes in complaining of chest pain. What are some of the signs and symptoms that would lead you to suspect an MI
Skin is pale, clammy and cool, Nausea, vomiting, fever, crushing chest pain that is not relieved by rest or nitro
37
What component of blood work is most clearly indicative of a MI
Troponin
38
When caring for a patient after a cardiac catheterization with coronary angiography, what would be most concerning to the nurse?
Absence of pulses distal to the catheter insertion site
39
Surgical construction of new vessels to carry blood beyond obstructed coronary artery is called
CABG
40
Anticoagulation is required after this procedure
Stent placement
41
A structure is applied to hold vessels open during this procedure
Stent placement
42
This is the most common alternative to a coronary artery bypass graft
Percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI)
43
During this procedure saline is injected into vessel to dissolve clot
Angiojet
44
During this procedure, atherosclerotic plaque is compressed using a balloon.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
45
Minimally invasive procedure that removes atherosclerosis from large blood vessels. Usually used to treat peripheral artery disease
Artherectomy
46
Evaluation of ECG responses to normal activity over a period of a day or two is performed with
Holter monitoring
47
What are the risks of cardiac cath?
Cardiac arrhythmias tamponade, trauma to artery, hypotension, allergy to contract medium, stroke, heart attack
48
What are the 3 veins used to bypass blockages in coronary arteries during CABG
Radial, Saphenous, Mammary
49
The nurse explains to the patient who is to undergo a coronary artery bypass graft that the procedure most often involves
Loosening the internal mammary artery from the chest wall and attaching it to a coronary artery distal to the stenosis.
50
What is the order of the action potential along the conduction system of the heart?
SA node, Right and left atrial cells, AV node, Bundle of HIS, Right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
51
Time of impulse spread from the SA node to ventricles
PR interval
52
Repolarization of the ventricles (rest and recovery of ventricles)
T wave
53
Atrial depolarization from SA node throughout Atria
P wave
54
Time of depolarization and repolarization of ventricles (total ventricular activity)
QT interval
55
Depolarization of ventricles (contraction of ventricles)
QRS interval
56
Impulses sent outside the normal electrical conduction system
ectopic beats
57
A change in this may indicate myocardial damage (becomes elevated or depressed)
ST segment
58
Most common cardiac arrhythmia
A-Fib
59
No organized electrical activity. No cardiac output. CPR must be initiated
Ventricular fibrillation
60
A life threatening rhythm due to low CO
Ventricular tachycardia
61
Irregular rhythm. QRS wave may be wide and bizarre looking. No treatment is needed for this unless patient has symptoms
PVC's

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