Acid Base Flashcards
The water content of an average adult male contains ___% water
61
The average adult female contains ___% water
50
Is sodium concentration higher in intercellular or extracellular fluid?
Extracellular
Where does water move if the solute concentration in the extracellular fluid decreases?
Into the cell
The dominant extracellular cations are
Sodium (Na+)
Large organic molecules such as proteins are usually found in the
Intracellular fluid & Plasma
Abnormal stretching of vessels due to increased blood pressure stimulates the release of
Atrial natriuretic hormone
The most important regulator of blood osmolality is
ADH
If blood pressure decreases, blood levels of ____ increase
aldosterone, angiotensin II, ADH, renin
Which ions are the most important for establishing the resting membrane potential
Potassium (K+)
____plays a major role in regulating the concentration of K+ ion secretion in the distal tubule and collecting duct.
Aldosterone
Aldosterone secretion from the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the renin-angiotensin system and
elevated blood K+ ion levels
____ is necessary for the transport of Ca2+ ions across the wall of the intestinal tract
Vitamin D
Hypocalcemia has which symptom?
Muscle spasms
The major mechanism that controls plasma levels of calcium ions is
parathyroid hormone secretion
The most abundant negatively charged ion in the extracellular fluid is
chloride
Loss of a large volume of sweat results in the body fluids becoming _____ which causes _____ in plasma volume
hypertonic, a decrease
Thirst is stimulated by
increased osmolality of the blood, decreased blood volume, increased angiotensin II
During conditions of severe dehydration, hematocrit _____, which results in an_____ in blood viscosity
Increase, increase
What is the primary organ that regulates the composition and volume of body fluids
Kidneys
Which of these conditions produces a large volume of dilute urine?
Decreased ADH secretion
What is not a major buffer system in the body
lactic acid buffer system
What do buffers do?
bind to excess H+ ions that are added to a solution.
Prevent large changes in body fluid pH.
May involve weak acids
Release H+ ions when H+ ion concentration in a solution falls
Nephrons directly regulate acid-base balance by
secreting H+ ions into the filtrate
The major effect of acidosis is the ____ of the nervous system, whereas a major effect of alkalosis is _____ of the nervous system
depression, hyperexcitability
Respiratory regulation of pH depends upon the
carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffer system
The largest buffer system in the body is the
Protein buffer system
Potassium imbalances infrequently occur, they are the most dangerous. In looking at an EKG what will be seen?
U wave and flattened T wave with low K+
Tall, tented T wave in high K+
The inability to eliminate CO2 from the body causes pH to ____ and can result in _____
decrease, acidosis
Increased ammonia in the urine may indicate
respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis can be caused by
hyperventilation
Sedatives or opioid overuse can cause
respiratory acidosis
What are some conditions that would cause fluid imbalance of hypervolemia?
Ingesting large amounts of water, injection of hypotonic solution, endocrine d/o such as excessive ADH production, lymphedema
What clinical assessment would you find with hypervolemia?
Elevated BP, edema, prominent JVD, hemodilution, dyspnea, crackles, weight gain, low NA levels, CNS effects, bounding pulse
What are some conditions that may cause hypovolemia?
Inadequate fluid intake, hemorrhage, fever, repeated vomiting, diarrhea
What clinical assessment would you find with hypovolemia
Loss of one or more electrolyte, thirst, hemoconcentration, high urine specific gravity, high serum electrolyte levels.
A patient with a positive Chvostek’s sign would more than likely receive IV administration of
Calcium gluconate
Diabetes insipidius causes
hypernatremia
Vitamin D deficiency causes
hypocalcemia
Metabolic alkalosis causes
hypokalemia
Crushing injury causes
hyperkalemia
SIADH causes
hyponatremia
